Short term memory allows us to hold onto information long enough to use it. It deals with new data from the sensory memory and old information retrieved from the long term memory. It has duration of 18 seconds but this can be longer if the information is rehearsed, this is usually done acoustically. The short term memory has a limited capacity so information is often lost when new data comes in, this can be reduced by ‘chunking’ information (grouping info together). Long term memory is a more permanent store; we retrieve past experiences and knowledge from it.
The nature and structure of memory is often referred to two types of memory, Long term memory (LTM) and Short term memory (STM). Long term memory (LTM) is incoming information with the sense that is stored within our memory, and that we can recall when needed. It’s considered to be unlimited, however forgetting long term memory may occur as a result to decay, interference or retrieval failure. There is also more than one type of long term memory; semantic, episodic and procedural memory. Short term memory (STM) is considered as incoming information from the sense which we attend to for only a short period of time.
Outline and Evaluate the Multi-Store of Memory The idea of a multi-store memory, was discovered by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, and argues that memory can be divided into three separate structures; Sensory memory, Short-term memory and Long-term memory. Information is thought to enter the memory system through the Sensory memory, then passed on to the Short Term memory when attention is paid to it. If this information is thought about and rehearsed in the Short Term memory it is passed to the Long-Term Memory to help interpret information in Short Term Memory. The Sensory Memory, which is uses visual, auditory and tactile encoding, has a limited capacity however, and a brief duration, so for information to be useful, it has to be passed
The fourth component is the episodic buffer which holds visual and acoustic information from other components. This is also able to take information from the long term memory and this component was only added in 2000 when Baddely found out that amnesia patients couldn’t store of recall stories from their short term memory. The working memory model has been supported and evaluated by Baddely. He used a tracker task and participants had to follow a moving spot of light as well as looking at a capital ‘F’. He found that participants found simultaneous tracking and imagery hard to do, but they were able to do it with a visual task.
The Multi-Store Model Explain what is meant by the term model. Memory The encoding, storage and retrieval of information or experience. Model A hypothetical description or representation of a (complex) process. Explain the concepts of encoding, capacity and duration. Encoding How information is stored and processed, for example sounds, visual and meaning.
The superior recall of items at the start of the list is called the primary effect, whilst the superior recall of the items at the end of the list is called the recency effect. This is good evidence for the multi-store model of memory because it shows the difference between the STM and the LTM. Rundus & Atkinson (1970) Rundus and Atkinson asked participants to rehearse out loud the list they were given (similar to Murdock's experiment). Tape recordings showed that words from the beginning of the list were more likely to be rehearsed than later ones. Because of the limited capacity of the STM, words from the middle of the list are thought to be lost completely or unavailable for recall.
Three stages of memory The three stages of memory consist of sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. Each stage has specific functions in how its stores memory, for how long, and when that memory is called upon. Sensory memory lasts about 1 - 2 seconds and is the immediate perception of stimuli in the environment. You can either dismiss that perception, or transfer it to short-term memory or perhaps long-term memory. Sensory memory is often divided into iconic (visual input) and echoic (sound) memory.
Willingham states that primary memory is limited to 2 seconds of acoustic code and four visuospatial objects. Semantic-based memory is not as limited because it utilizes a process known as “chunking.” Chunking in a process that increases the capacity of primary memory by having the secondary memory doing the translating, or encoding, using semantics. The reason that Primary memory is temporary is because interference and decay effect what can be stored in that area of the brain at one time. Any damage or factors that would prohibit the Primary Memory storing information effect that future or past memories have on the current information stored in primary memory. Decay is the biggest interference to the ability of Primary Memory and limits its capacity and the required attention to retrieve information.
The research carried out allowed us to confirm that using the method of loci would improve and an individual’s recall. Introduction The Multi-Store Model (MSM) of Memory was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968 and claimed the memory system contained three structural components. Sensory memory (SM) stores information that is collected by our senses (sight, smell, hearing etc.). This information is received continually but the majority is ignored and only stored for a brief moment of time. At this point it is either disregarded or transferred to the short term memory (STM) store.
(25 points) • The main paradigms used to study motor learning are response variability and random vs. block practice. Response variability and random vs. block practice are techniques of motor learning that incorporate variations. 3. Describe the different ways in which one can manipulate KR for memory development and provide possible explanations. (25 points) 4.