worksheet University of Phoenix Material Memory Worksheet Using the text, Cognition: The Thinking Animal, the University Library, the Internet, and/or other resources, answer the following questions. Your response to each question should be at least 150 words in length. 1. What is primary memory? What are the characteristics of primary memory?
Atkinson and Shiffrin said that the information enters from the environment and it registers at the sensory memory before either decaying of passing on to short-term memory. Short term memory has a small capacity of 7 +/- 2 and duration of 30 secs without rehearsal. When rehearsed it will pass on to long-term memory where it would be stored there for a lifetime unless the brain is damaged. MSM is a structural model which focuses on storage compartments for the memory and Atkinson and Shiffrin described it as the control process which is required to manipulate and transform the information as it flows through the system. These include encoding, retrieval strategies and rehearsal.
Deeper processing led to improved recognition, which supports the levels of processing theory of memory. To evaluate, a weakness of this study is that it lack generalisability. The study consisted of only 24 participants. This small sample is not representative of the target population as the results could have been due to
If the information in the STM store happens to be visual then it gets encoded/transformed into acoustic codes. After all the information pieces have been coded for elaborative rehearsal takes place which will transfer the memory in to the long term memory store which has a unlimited capacity and can last for a lifetime. If someone experiences an emotional or meaningful event the memory can go straight to the LTM store without elaborative rehearsal taking place. Also, the information in this store can be used in STM when needed if someone wants to remember something, but it can also be forgotten through decay or displacement. One strength for this model is that it is based on real people and their experiences with memory, rather than carrying out an experiment in the laboratory and using the results from that.
(2 marks) c. What does ‘encoding’ mean, in relation to memory? (2 marks) 4. Outline one research study into short term memory for each of the following characteristics; a. Encoding b. Capacity c. Duration (4 marks for each study) 5. Draw and complete table to distinguish between long-term memory and short-term memory.
Categories of short term memories include visual (iconic), auditory (echoic), touch (haptic), taste (gustic), and smell (olfactic) (Denkinger, 2007). Using these, a detailed picture of what is going on at that moment is created. Continuous pictures overlap to form what we perceive as the world. Auditory information lasts up to 4 seconds in sensory memory, which is how we can remember something said to us a split second earlier, when we may have not been paying attention. Visual lasts only about a half of a second, though once it is lost, it can be retrieved much
Rehearsal maintains information in the STM however it is still vulnerable to being forgotten due to limited duration (decay) or being displaced by new incoming information due to limited capacity (displacement). If rehearsed and processed deep enough (e.g. through elaborative or maintenance rehearsal) the information then passes to the long-term memory store which has unlimited capacity and unlimited duration dependent on the level of processing of the information received. While the LTM encoding is mainly semantic the STM encoding is auditory with a capacity of 7 +/- 2 items and duration of up to 18 seconds. Research evidence by Glanzer et al demonstrated support for the STM and LTM being different stores.
Outline and evaluate the Multi-Store Model of memory (12 marks) The Multi-Store Model is constructed of three kinds of memory, sensory, short term and long term. Sensory information enters the sensory memory, encoded through the 5 senses depending on the type of information. The sensory memory's capacity is limited and the duration of which information can be held there is immediate. If information is paid attention to it will enter short term memory (STM). The STM has a capacity of 7+/- 2 pieces of information.
Describe and Evaluate the MSM. The MSM uses the system of encoding, storage and retrieval meaning that the information is transferred into the brain and therefore stored as echoic, hepatic or semantic until it is needed and therefore retrieved. The MSM is made up of the sensory memory which encodes by touch store such as hepatic encoding, echoic and iconic encoding. The capacity of the sensory memory is very limited and the duration in 2-5seconds on average. The short term memory is mostly encoded by sound and images are transferred for echoic information.
'Outline and evaluate the model of working memory' 'Outline and evaluate the model of working memory' Word count- 974 Without memory we would have trouble with acquiring, retaining and recalling information. Short term memory has restricted capacity and duration. Information that goes though short term memory is lost unless rehearsal takes place. The working memory model (WM) looks at short term memory and how it is not a simplistic model like the multi store model. (Baddeley 2003).