In this essay Freud sets out his theory of psychosexual development. He asserts that there is in all humans an innate drive or instinct for pleasure, a sort of psychic energy, which he calls the libido and this energy needs to be discharged. He then goes on to describe how this drive finds outlet at the earliest stages of life, as babies, toddlers and infants and describes the oral, anal and phallic stages and the psychological effects of fixation at these stages. It is important to note that Freud separated sexual aims and objectives. His work on sexuality and perversions led to the wider theory of sexuality whereby he differentiated the sexual aim (the desire for pleasure) and the object (the person or thing used to fulfil the desire).
According to Freud, the unconscious mind is greatly larger than the conscious mind. It contains three aspects that include the biological, social unconscious, and personal unconscious. The biological unconscious, Freud’s id, is considered the aspects of ourselves that make us human such as instinct and temperament. The id represents our pleasure principle in which we place a demand on immediate needs. Second the social unconscious, Freud’s superego, which can broken down into two aspects: conscience and ego ideal.
Sigmund Freud differed from B.F. Skinner in terms of approaching human behavior. Sigmund Freud was a psychodynamic psychologist. His idea about human behavior and development shows that behavior throughout life is motivated by inner, unconscious forces, stemming from childhood, over which people have little control. He focused on the realm of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression. He created the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for curing the mind ailment-psychopathology.
Unconscious urges are described by Freud in his psychoanalytic theory. Observable behavior is emphasized in Albert Bandura’s social learning theory. The interaction of nature and nurture is emphasized in social learning theories · Which theories emphasize the impact of early experience on development? · How does each theory view the child? · How do the theories view adult development?
Outline and evaluate the psychodynamic approach to abnormality The psychodynamic approach assumes that experiences in our earliest years can affect our emotions, attitudes and behaviour in later years without us being aware that it is happening. Freud suggested the mind or psyche has three parts: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious. Freud suggested that individuals can never be aware of the contents of the unconscious. Freud argued that childhood experiences play a crucial part in adult development, including the development of adult personality. Every child must pass through the so-called psycho-sexual stages; how a child experiences these stages plays a crucial role in the development of his/her personality.
The Psychodynamic application and treatment of antisocial personality disorder is linked with the assumption that the sufferers are born into dysfunctional families with physical abuse tendencies, cruel, and are emotionally turbulent (Akhtar, 1992). Consequentially, children that are born into this type of aforementioned family setting may experience helplessness feelings especially when their parents are unleashing barrages of anger and violence on them. As a result, such child may resort into using defense mechanism of identification with the
Not only does social rejection cause stress and aggression in a young child, it results in stress among the family due to the child’s behavioral changes. Robert M. Hodapp. “Mental Retardation: II. Contextual Issues.” Development and Disabilities
The ID is considered part of the unconscious personality, and is driven by impulses to seek pleasure and satisfaction. The Ego experiences and reacts to the world as well as mediating between the sometimes contrary drives of the ID and super ego. This is often considered to be a front put on for society, and is part of the pre conscious and conscious parts of the conscience according to Freud’s iceberg. Finally the Super-Ego is the ‘censor’ of the personality, and is used to restrain the ID, due to its association with guilt. When a person interprets some form of disapproval from society, this is ‘internalised’ to form the super-ego.
They act violently when people pick on them, threaten them, or they are exposed to direct pain. The people that have seen violence rewarded react violently when provoked to. Personality and crime involve a disturbed personality structure. They are antisocial and are described as sociopaths and psychopaths. It begins in early childhood and continues into adulthood.
The victim is often accused of being too sensitive or making a big deal of the situation. Verbal abuse is manipulative and controlling and is intended to attack the nature and abilities of the targeted victim. Over time, the victim self-esteem is deflated and they become self-conscious around the abuser. The thing with verbal abuse is that may start with simple put-downs or jokes but usually escalates into physical abuse. There are several