Psychic conflict can occur at any time but particularly in early childhood, as the ego at this time is not fully developed. Abnormality can be caused by an Ego’s imbalance between these demands, such as an overly strong Superego could lead to anxiety and an overactive Id could lead to a sex addiction. This is an approach to abnormality as a well-adjusted person has a developed strong Ego with Ego-defence mechanisms that is able to control the other two components compared to somebody with an unbalanced personality. Ego-defence mechanisms are unconscious coping strategies that are used because the ego is constantly under
Psychodynamic traits are focused on the belief that all problems as adults are considered to be directly related to events that occurred in one’s childhood. Certain therapists that go by this theory have the concept that is has to do with parental upbringing and the focus is mainly on repairing these traits that were developed early on. As far as both of these theories go, the trait theory has a lot to do with the psychodynamic theory in the aspect that we develop all of our traits from early childhood. Certain traits, whether they may be good or bad are developed at this stage and as we reach maturity. Certain traits may be lacking due to this.
* Provide intrapsychic conflicts that threaten the psychological health of normal people and provide nearly insurmountable obstacles for neurotics. 3. What was the hypothesis of horney regarding childhood experiences * Horney (1939) hypothesized that a difficult childhood is primarily responsible for neurotic needs. * “Later attitudes to others, then, are not repetitions of infantile ones but emanate from the character structure, the basis of which is laid in childhood” 4. Explain the four general ways in which people protect themselves from being alone in a hostile world.
The explanation suggests that the primary caregiver is responsible for helping the infant overcome its anxieties and if the care is inadequate then a child will not develop a proper sense of self. Therefore during adolescence when threats to the self occur the symptoms of schizophrenia begin to develop. However, the psychodynamic explanation to schizophrenia has many problems, for example: Freud claimed that schizophrenia is caused by over-whelming anxiety and is a defence mechanism involving regression into an early stage of development. Freud suggested that one of the positive symptoms of the disorder, hallucinations are the ego’s attempt to restore contact with reality. However there isn’t any research evidence to support Freud’s theory and psychoanalysis is not an effective treatment for schizophrenia suggesting that the psychodynamic theory does not explain the causes of schizophrenia.
From birth, we experience auto-eroticism moving towards reproductive sexuality as we develop into adulthood. According to Freud, this development trajectory was not negotiable. Freud believed that all ‘abnormal’ sexual behaviours were at one time acceptable for children, but represent fixations on early stages of development. He believed that individuals who experience problems along the way will have adult personality characteristics represented at that stage explain!! Sexual repression Prohibition of sexual behaviours leads to anxiety, fear, worry, repression, and hysteria The five stages of psychosexual development are as follows:- The Oral Stage – From birth to approximately 18 months.
Emotional trauma at a time when the brain isn't fully developed may cause changes to the brain and decrease a person's ability to deal with stressful situations later in their life. The hope is that this paper will enlighten the reader in regard to how negative events in the early stages of development can severely affect the person in maturity. CHILD ABUSE AND ITS EFFECTS ON DEVELOPMENT 3 Child Abuse and its Effects on Development Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is one of the best theories of personality in psychology. Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Erikson's theory describes the impact of social experience across one's life span.
Describe and evaluate the psychodynamic approach Psychodynamic psychologists assume that our behaviour is determined by unconscious forces of which we are unaware. Each manifest (surface) thought, utterance or behaviour hides a latent(hidden) motive or intention. The latent motives for our behaviour reflect our instinctive biological drives and our early experiences, particularly before the age of five. Most particularly, it is the way we are treated by our parents as children that shapes our adult behaviour. Sigmund Freud developed an approach on abnormality that highlighted how human personality and psychosexual development in childhood can cause abnormality.
Bowlby's aim was to discover the consequences of difficulties in forming attachments in childhood, and the effects this would have on an infant's later development. Drawing on much work in the psychoanalytic literature, such as that of Freud and Harlow, Bowlby formulated the idea that infants develop a close emotional bond with an attachment figure early in life, and that the success or failure of this earliest of relationships lead the infant to form a mental representation that would have profound effects on their later relationships and their own success as a
Attachment theory, as postulated by John Bowlby, sought to achieve just that. Bowlby's aim was to discover the consequences of difficulties in forming attachments in childhood, and the effects this would have on an infant's later development. Drawing on much work in the psychoanalytic literature, such as that of Freud and Harlow, Bowlby formulated the idea that infants develop a close emotional bond with an attachment figure early in life, and that the success or failure of this earliest of relationships lead the infant to form a mental representation that would have profound effects on their later relationships and their own success as a parent. A concept that Bowlby referred to as an internal working model. (Bowlby, 1969) Fonagy et al.
Describe and discuss the psychodynamic approach, refer to evidence in your answer. Freud’s psychodynamic approach is about the influence of unconscious childhood behaviour and experiences that determined our adult behaviour later on in life. This has many different features being the psychosexual stages, personality and defence mechanisms. Freud suggests that particular features of this approach will have a large effect on behaviour in later life such as sexuality, cleanliness and habits. Freud’s approach of the psychosexual stages suggested development unconsciously takes place at different stages, conflict to overcome at the stage or result of failure concludes in fixation at that certain stage having an influence on adult behaviour.