Process Report of a Client Centred Therapy Session Reflection and Literature Review "It is that the individual has within himself or herself vast resources for self-understanding, for altering his or her self-concept, attitudes and self-directed behavior - and that these resources can be tapped if only a definable climate of facilitative psychological attitudes can be provided." (Rogers, 1986, cited in The Carl Rogers Reader by Kirschenbaum & Henderson, 1989, p.135) This process report is an assignment for the Humanistic Approach module required as evidence that students have acquired the skills and understood how to work with clients from a humanistic perspective. The humanistic approach evolved in the United States in 1950s and it was proposed by Carl Rogers who proposed that “therapy could be simpler,
They are referred to as Grand Theories because they offer explanations of child development as a whole, rather than in specific areas. While they are not the only theories that exist on the subject, these four have been, and continue to be, extremely influential. This essay will look at each of these theories in turn discussing the role social experience is believed to play. The first theory, Behaviourism describes child development as arising from specific forms of learning based on the ideas that children are passive recipients of environmental influences that shape their behaviour. It demonstrates the effect that discipline and parenting styles can have on a child.
Each theory correlates to a specific method of assessment. One theory is the psychodynamic theory. With this theory, the roots of your personality are your unconscious thoughts, feelings, repressed problems from early childhood, and motives. The methods to assess the psychodynamic theory you would use projective tests as well as personal interviews. The next theory is the humanistic theory which is a drive towards personal growth.
The Biological approach is the belief that our nervous and endocrine systems, as well as genetics are what define our behavior and personalities. Hormones and neurotransmitters are another factor of what effects our behavior, our hormone and nervous system and what cause us to react to disorders and situations such as anxiety, which is a trait passed down within the genetic coding. DNA is made up of many traits which are all relatively stable and cause people to act in certain ways, such as cheerful, imaginative, or even bold, this is decided by the combination of traits someone possesses, which makes every individual unique in their own way. The biological psychologists also believed in maturation, which is that children grow from birth to adult in stages, which includes a predetermined age at which an average child should reach certain life events at a given age, these are
[citation needed] According to Jungian psychology, individuation is a process of psychological integration, having for its goal the development of the individual personality. "In general, it is the process by which individual beings are formed and differentiated [from other human beings]; in particular, it is the development of the psychological individual as a being distinct from the general, collective psychology. "[1] 'The symbols of the individuation process...mark its stages like milestones', prominent among them for Jungians being '"the shadow, the Wise Old Man...and lastly the anima in man and the animus in woman"'. [2] Thus 'there is often a movement from dealing with
Journal 1: Personality Theory A personality theory is a theory is an attempt to describe and explain how people are similar, how they are different, and why every individual is unique. (p.445) There are many personality theories but for the most part they are grouped into four basic perspectives: The Psychoanalytic Perspective: Freud’s theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development. (p.445) Humanistic Perspective: theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development. (p.459) Social Cognitive Perspective: Albert Bandura’s theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinism. (p.463) Trait Personality: trait theories of personality focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions.
The Culmination: A Twist on Self In “Responsibility for Self,” Charles Taylor articulates an account of the self that is a critical synthesis of Sartre, Frankfurt, and Heidegger views. Articulated below will be Taylor’s account of the self and how it developed from the other philosophers’ views. Taylor sees many virtues, as well as, problems contained within Sartre’s, Frankfurt’s, and Heidegger’s account of self and agency. A natural place to begin is with Charles Taylor’s concept of “responsibility for self.” For Taylor, responsibility for self consists in duty of radical re-evaluation of our deepest held belief: This radical evaluation is a deep reflection, and a self-reflection in a special sense: it is a reflection about the self, its most fundamental issues, and a reflection which engages the self most wholly and deeply. Because it engages the whole self without a fixed yardstick it can be called a personal reflection….
Personality evaluation tests can aid in many places such as the workplace and for educational purposes. Personality tests can be grouped as either objective or projective. Although difficult to measure, a variety of different types of objective personality tests have been developed to categorize subjects in accordance to their personality type. Projective tests are used to distinguish between a personality trait and a personality disorder. This essay will evaluate the effectiveness, reliability, and the strengths and weaknesses of two different personality tests.
[8] 5-8 Answers at this level will demonstrate a good understanding of the question, with links to relevant sociological material such as G. H. Mead’s account of how children learn through interaction with others. Well-chosen references to psychological theories of cognitive development, such as the work of Piaget, may also provide a relevant backdrop for answering the question. At the top of the band the explanation will be detailed and well focused on the importance of the interaction process itself. (d) Assess the claim that sociologists have exaggerated the importance of socialisation in shaping human behaviour. [11] 5-8 Answers that are limited solely or mainly to a sound account of the functionalist theory of socialisation would merit the lower part of this band.
Both studies proved the importance of letting individuals who suffer from social phobia to confront their fears, realize negative thoughts, and learn how to interact with others in a positive manner. Family therapy is the second therapy used in the treatment of social phobia. Treatment is most beneficial when family therapy is combined with CBT (Ollendick & King, 1998). The family therapy includes 40 minute sessions and individuals in the family working together to solve symptoms associated with social anxiety. In this study parents awarded children to reward courageous behaviors and used “planned ignoring” to terminate fearful behaviors.