Assess the view that secularisation has been a feature only of modern European societies (33) Secularisation is a concept in which there are deep and controversial debates about what it is and how it can be measured. Wilson identified secularisation into three aspects which are: religious beliefs, religious practice and religious institutions. Religious beliefs are referred to as the influence of religion on people’s values and beliefs. Religious practice are the things that people do to carry out their religious commitment and religious institutions is to what extent religious institutions have maintained their social influence in wider society. Secularisation is the decline in the influence of religion but there are a lot of other ways that it can be defined also.
DBQ 6: Enlightenment Thinkers and Their Impact on European Rulers The Age of Enlightenment was a time where cultural and intellectual ideas from Western Europe brought reason, analysis, and individualism to the rest of Europe and replaced former traditional authority. The Age of Enlightenment was most frequently known as the Age of Reason because it reformed society from the authority of the church to a society of science and skepticism. The Enlightenment philosophy was promoted by local enlightenment thinkers that stressed liberty, freedom from the church’s authority, and worked to abolish serfdom. A number of the Enlightenment philosophers influenced society by publishing texts. New ideas and beliefs spread through Europe and worldwide and marked a change from only having religious texts to also providing intellectual texts.
In fact Conservatism has often been described as chameleon like, in that it changes its appearance according to the dominant political environment at a given time. In the 19th century, when liberalism was its main opponent, conservatism adopted an organic vision of society, seeing it as a living entity and expecting people to demonstrate a sense of responsibility towards each other. When socialism came to the forefront, conservative changed course and began to emphasise the virtues of free markets and individualism to combat collectivist ideas. Such an adaptable movement cannot be described as ideological in nature. It is common to view conservatives as two strands of government the ‘wets’ and the ‘dry’s’, wets are seen to be more collectivist and believe in a greater role of government, such as planning or intervention, whereas dry’s are more neo-liberal,
Religious toleration in between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries varied greatly between the leaders during this time period; some wanted complete control over the religions practiced, some wanted some control with some freedom, and other leaders wanted complete freedom of religions. In the previous modern Europe, many states churches had been established by the rulers. Therefore, as a result of the Protestant Reformation, many states had a several religious minorities. Which lead to many different catastrophes that affected Europe in a negative way, people started to revolt and protest the ruler’s management of the states. Firstly, rulers in early modern Europe wanted complete control over the religions practiced in their states.
Kennedy is being ethical by promoting a better society, whereas Romney is promoting his own religious perspective. Romney states “I will take care to separate the affairs of the government from any religion, but I will not separate us from ‘the God who gave us liberty’”(3). Romney is stating that he is going to separate church from the state but he is not going to separate God from church and state. This is a contradiction because God is a part of religion and church; thusly He should be separated from the state. Romney is basically telling America citizens that he is going to let his religious views influence he job as the president.
However, as the empire split into four the scholars were split to different nations and culture which effectively affected the method of political power because Golden Horde was severely influenced by the Islamic teachings and the Khan of Golden Horde was converted to Islam. Yuan dynasty had completely different methods of political power because they were usig Confucius methods of life style. One continuity from 1200 to 1500 CE was tribute from defeated nations to Chinggis Khan than to four khanates. When Chinggis Khan conquered different empires, he demanded tributes from each defeated town or city leading to a tribute system. This lead to many cities and towns paying because of the retribution for not paying was too high.
Under the idea of Devine Right of King, God appointed individuals to be the governor of the other beings. In such, the citizens should submit to the monarch as they would to God. The doctrine implies that any attempt to depose the king or to restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act as the doctrine implied that only God can judge a king unjust. However, the establishment of Magna Carta in 1215 between King John of England, his barons and Stephen Langton challenges this idea. Magna Carta limits the power of King in the church, stating “English Church shall be free and shall have her rights entire, and her liberties inviolate”, and gives the church members a degree of self-governing rights as they could elect their leaders.
Task: “Luther was both a revolutionary and a conservative.” Evaluate this statement with the respect to Luther’s responses to the political and social questions of his day. During the 16th century, the Catholic Church was seen as corrupt because of certain practices such as indulgences. This corruption, lead many people to stand up against the Church, and this began The Protestant Reformation. One of the most influential people of this time was Martin Luther. Martin Luther’s responses to political and social questions during this time were often either revolutionary or conservative.
Both regions had believed the central rule authority was given by the ruler, not church. In Western Europe, secularism was promoted in the Renaissance and after the Renaissance. This event made religion
The Ottoman Empire ruled by Turkish government who conquered countries in West Asia, North Africa, and Southeast Europe. Armenia was one of the countries in occupation of the Turks(Ottoman Empire). The Armenians were considered as the minority and lived as second class citizens because the Armenians don’t share the same values or have the same beliefs. The Turks’ dominant religion is Islam and others religions such Christianity and Judaism were considered as minority religions under the Millet system. Minority religious communities were allowed to maintain their religious, social and legal structures, but were often subject to extra taxes or other measures and being discriminated against.