Firstly, a carbonyl group is highly polarised, which means the positively charged carbon atom is exposed to nucleophilic attack. Grignard reagents act as nucleophiles. Secondly, the polarised carbonyl group allows any alpha-protons to be easily removed by strong bases (4). In this experiment, the Grignard reagent 1-methylbutyl magnesium bromide was prepared by reacting an excess of magnesium turnings with 2-bromopentane in diethyl ether. It was then reacted with propanal to give the secondary alcohol, 4-methyl-3-heptanol.
Epoxy resins are generally cured with primary/secondary polyamines, anhydrides, and polyamides. A cross-linked structure is produced; this network structure is the desired infusible, insoluble product [2]. EXPERIMENTAL Materials: Piperazine, Toluene, Dow -D.E.R. 331- (Epoxy Resin), MDAP –diamine-, triethylamine Reflux Set-Up( 2-neck round bottom flask, vigroux column, thermometer, heater, boiling chips) Glass Rod,
There are two types of catalysts commonly found, oxidation and reduction catalysts. These catalysts are usually produced from palladium, platinum, or rhodium. A reduction catalyst reduces the NOx portion of harmful pollutants whereas the oxidation catalyst reduces hydrocarbons and CO. There are three-way catalytic converters and two-way catalytic converters. At any one time, a three-way catalytic converter is carrying out several chemical reactions.
Chemistry Design Lab Kim Li Feb 20th,11 Investigating the effect of different concentration of nitric acid on the its drop volume DESIGN Introduction: Intermolecular forces are forces that hold molecules together. They play important roles in determining the properties of a substance, properties such as boiling point, volatility, viscosity, miscibility, and electrical conductivity. [6] Examples of intermolecular forces include Van der Waals forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. Van der Waals forces are temporary dipole all species can form due to uneven distribution of electrons. Dipole-dipole forces are permanent dipoles due to different electronegativity.
It was concluded through the experiment that it is possible to produce tert-butyl chloride from alcohols and hydrogenated halides. This conclusion is significant since the process is commonly used in the production of alkyl halides, which itself is a common component of many products used daily. Introduction Alcohols are the most common starting point for the synthesis of alkyl halides, as was also done in this experiment. The objective of the experiment was to successfully synthesize tert-butyl chloride from tert-butyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid (HCl) using the methods described in the Organic Chemistry Laboratory Manual. Alkyl halides are organic compounds, which have had one or more of their hydrogen atoms replaced by halogen atoms.
Primary and Secondary alcohols can both be oxidized but not to the same extent. Primary alcohols can be oxidized twice as where Secondary alcohols can only be oxidized once. Primary Alcohols can be oxidized to form aldehydes which are the further oxidized to produce Carboxylic Acids: Ethanol Ethanal Ethanoic Acid Secondary Alcohols can be oxidized to form Ketones: Propan-2-ol Propanone Aldehydes a Ketones both contain the same Carbonyl functional group, these similar compounds can be differentiated by using an oxidising agent such as tollens reagent, which when added to an aldehyde will produce a silver mirror. Chemistry of Wine: When wine “goes off” this is an indication that the Ethanol has been oxidized (producing Ethanoic Acid) and other
Rate of Evaporation and Intermolecular Forces Laboratory Report General Chemistry Laboratory Bernard Determining the Rate of Evaporation and Intermolecular Forces. Introduction Evaporations occur when a liquid absorbs energy and changes to gas. The evaporation process occurs only at the surface of a liquid compared to the boiling process in which liquid also changes to gas at the bottom of the liquid where the additional heat source is located. Two types of organic compounds were encountered in this experiment- alkanes and alcohols. Alkanes composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms are referred to as hydrocarbons.
In this reaction, the palladium reagent underwent oxidative addition where it gave up two electrons in order to bond to carbon and halogen during the formation and isomerization of a cis-organopalladium complex to the trans complex. Transmetallation followed this mechanistic step and consisted of the transfer of ligands from one metal to another through the addition of an R-M compound, 4-methylphenylboronic
The hydrocarbon molecules are broken up in a fairly random way to produce mixtures of smaller hydrocarbons, some of which have carbon-carbon double bonds. One possible reaction involving the hydrocarbon C15H32 might be: Or, showing more clearly what happens to the various atoms and bonds: This is only one way in which this particular molecule might break up. The ethene and propene are important materials for making plastics or producing other organic chemicals. The octane is one of the molecules found in petrol (gasoline). Manufacturing ethanol Ethanol is manufactured by reacting ethene with steam.
Organic Chemistry Preparation of Methyl Orange Purpose In this experiment the azo dye methyl orange is prepared by the diazo coupling reation. Introduction The first step is called “diazotization”. The first product obtained from the coupling is the bright red acid for of methyl organge, called helianthin. In base, helianthin is converted to the orange sodium salt, called methyl organge (1). Reaction Scheme [pic] Although sulfanilic acid is insoluble in acid solutions, it is nevertheless necessary to carry out the diazotization reaction in an acid (HNO2) solution.