What is coping? In psychology, coping is "constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person" Coping is thus expending conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems, and seeking to master, minimize or tolerate stress or conflict. Psychological coping mechanisms are commonly termed coping strategies or coping skills. Unconscious or non conscious strategies are generally excluded. The term coping generally refers to adaptive or constructive coping strategies for example the strategies reduce stress levels.
Gestalt Therapy is about human experience and what this mean ‘experientially’, that is, trying out for oneself. It is a relational therapy, where the therapist-client relationship is a fundamental part of the process, and it synthesizes three key philosophies that have been described as the ‘pillars of Gestalt’ (Yontef, 1999:11), these being: 1 - Field Theory - The person’s experience is explored in the context of their situation of ‘field’ 2 - Phenomenology - The search for understanding through what is
Discuss how reflection can develop professional practice through critically analysing two different models/theories of reflection in this module. The definition of reflection has been defined differently by various authors. Cottrell (2010) suggests that reflection is a type of thinking that is linked to gaining a better understanding of something and that it is also an important part of the learning experience and where we can make sense of the experience. This can be related to Boyd and Fales (1983) who suggest that reflection is a process which can be used to examine and explore an area of concern and which could potentially end in a changed perspective. These views can be compared to Boud et al.
In this paper, I will try to provide a concise but clear information about psychodynamic approaches and their theorists in explaining the human nature. The word ‘psychodynamic’ has its meaning in the root word ‘ Psyche’ -a person’s unconscious part and which is also called as ‘soul’. Moreover, it can be said that Psychodynamic theories of personality emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences on personality. Psychodynamic psychologists see behavior as the result of a compromise between three parts of the psyche or personality; the id, ego, and superego. These three components are the inner force that drive us in our lives.There are many branches of Psychodynamic Psychology but the most significant are: Freudian, Jungian, Adlerian, and also Neo-Freudian branch, which includes Karen Horny(A. Sammons & P. Creagh, 2010).
Negative behaviors and negative cycles are able to be terminated. Psychotherapy helps reconnect and establish relationships and identifies the change that needs to take place. Philosophical Assumptions In my theory I believe that people are a product of their environment. Our life is impacted by our life experiences. In our life we are given the opportunity to make decisions of change.
b.) The Therapeutic Process The main purpose of behavioral and cognitive behavioral therapy is to create goals that increase the client’s personal choices and create new conditions for learning. Clients have an active role in decisions about
Cognitive psychologists believe that mental processes and stored representations of the world determine behaviour and are central to human experience. Psychologists see the mind as a complex machine – where they believe that it is useful to model mental processes using an information-processing approach whereby: Information is examined from the outside world is received and encoded, Storage and representation of this information to ourselves, Ways in which this information is manipulated and used by the individual, And how we output information back into the world to be received by others. Many
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this essay is to discuss in detail a popular content and process theory namely Maslow's hierarchy theory and the process theory of Porter Lawlor Expectancy Theory and to explain the contrast of the two and how these theories might help to motivate people in a workplace. Content theories address the question of what motivates people. These seek to identify the needs which cause individuals to perform in a certain way. Process theories address the question of how certain actions are determined. These concentrate on the thought process, (cognitive process) which individuals undergo before they are motivated to act in a certain way.
PHILOSOPHICAL PRINCIPLES & KEY CONCEPTS Aaron T. Beck developed his approach known as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy as a result of his work and observations with depressed clients. C.B.T. is based on fundamental assumptions that our thoughts can and do determine how we feel and behave in relation to events in our everyday lives and our environment. Beck contends that psychological problems or dysfunctional behaviour can occur as a result of faulty or distorted thinking and through engaging and employing C.B.T. techniques we can change or modify the way we think, to cause us to feel and act better even if our external situations and events do not change.
Compare and contrast the ways in which the psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioural approaches to counselling and make use of the counselling relationship This essay will consider the psychodynamic and cognitive behavioural approaches to counselling and how each approach uses the counselling relationship. It will compare and contrast the ways that each method uses. It will first consider the theoretical understanding of the counselling relationship of the two approaches, it will then considering the way that this relationship is then used within counselling. The psychodynamic approach to counselling places most importance on using the relationship between the counsellor and the client to explore and consider the emotions and feelings that are creating a difficulty in the client’s present situation (McLeod, p.90). The psychodynamic approach evolved from psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud, who considered that people’s behaviours are influenced by their motives or dynamics.