Outline and evaluate 1 or more psychological methods of stress management (12) The psychological approach to dealing with stress is one of the most common used through CBT which means that behaviour is believed to be determined by the way somebody thinks about a situation. Therefore cognitive therapy attempts to change thoughts in order for an individual to change their behaviour. One of these methods, SIT, was created by Meichenbaum (1985), who believed that although we cannot change the causes of stress, we can change the way that somebody perceives stressors in order to inoculate them from disorders like anxiety and OCD, etc. To do so, he developed three phases: 1. Conceptualisation phase, where the therapist and client establish a relationship before the client is educated about stress and its impacts.
This theory starts from the idea that we seek consistency in our beliefs and attitudes in any situation where two cognitions are inconsistent. Leon Festinger proposed cognitive dissonance theory, which states that a powerful motive to maintain cognitive consistency can give rise to irrational and sometimes adaptive behavior. According to Festinger, we hold many cognitions about the world and ourselves; when they clash, a problem is , resulting in a state of tension known as cognitive dissonance. As the experience of dissonance is unpleasant, we are motivated to reduce or eliminate it, and achieve
(2006). The fundamental bases of cognitive therapy are dived into three thoughts automatic negative thoughts, conditional assumptions and core beliefs. Automatic negative thoughts are thoughts that are negative but unknown unless focused upon. Conditional assumptions these are rules that are learned through experience and may have been useful at some stage of human development. Although these assumptions can be seen as problematic if they do not develop with future life experenience.
Lazarus and Folkman’s cognitive theory of stress can be defined as a transaction of sorts. The first part of their theory is questioning our evaluation of stress and how we cope with stress when faced with a stressful event. The second part of their theory, which is called primary appraisal, is determining how this event might affect us and deciding whether or not the event is harmful. In the third part of Lazarus and Folkman’s theory, a person must determine whether or not this stressful event is a challenge or a threat. This process is called secondary appraisal and this is where we must ask ourselves whether or not we can cope with the particular situation at hand.
2: Affective Factors The three aspects of emotionality that the identified as influences of readiness are: the capacity to experience, express and recollect emotional states. This inability is a n obstruction for readiness in the therapeutic programs. 3: Volitional Factors The volitional factor relates to the ability to choose to engage in treatment. The therapeutic programme needs to be consistent and to have explicit and implicit goals. 4: Behavioral Factors In order to engage in treatment, behavioral and cognitive skills are required.
• Mentalization-based therapy is talk therapy that can help you identify your own feelings and thoughts and to separate them from those of other people around you. It helps you to think before you react. • Schema-focused therapy combines treatments to help you evaluate repetitive patterns and themes in life and helps you identify the positive patterns and modify the negative ones. • Transference-focused or psychodynamic psychotherapy helps you understand your emotions and difficulties and then apply your insights to real situations.
Instrumental conditioning, is when behavior is reinforced and is dependent on his or her behavior (Olson & Hergenahn, 2013). Classical conditioning, is when an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a conditioned response and visa-versa many times, which changes behavior. Instrumental and classical cognition both can change one’s behavior, but classical conditioning helps in forming a behavior that more conductive to survival, and instrumental conditioning helps in learning to avoid certain situations, events, or effects. Cognitive expectancy is an important factor in instrumental and classical
In particular, they are interested in examining whether individuals develop change capabilities or whether there is a link between exposure to repeated change processes and more negative outcomes. Previous literature has indicated that pursuing multiple change processes can create change fatigue cynicism, or even burn-out. However, experience with multiple change processes can also provide an arena for learning, in which there is the potential to transfer experiences. The empirical evidence indicating that experience with change processes can lead to more positive reactions to change is limited, and the findings are inconclusive. They examine the role of experience empirically based on inductive and comparative analyses of data from two studies which include a wide range of Scandinavian companies, some with change-experienced employees and others with employees who had less change experience.
Clients in a crisis situation require immediate assistance. This leads to further differences in care. Assessment must be done quickly, focusing solely on the current state of need in order to find resources and resolution to the crisis situation. Assessment must also focus on discovering a client’s past successful coping strategies in order to facilitate positive outcomes of the current crisis situation; whereas assessment in psychotherapy is used primarily to probe into psychodynamic issues. Social support systems are assessed and
On the other hand, cognitivists believe that by reflecting on our own experiences, we construct our own understanding of the world. Though theses two schools of psychology are very much different, they do have their similarities. Behaviorism and cognitivism are similar in that they both attempt to explain and describe how learning occurs in individuals. Both are also valuable learning theories. They observe the response individuals make to different situations or different conditions.