To analyze behavior experimentally, Skinner developed operant conditioning procedures. In this he manipulated the consequences of an organism’s behavior to see how it would affect future behavior. So the consequences “operate” on the environment, thereby affecting it and affecting future consequences. Unlike classical conditioning, operants are not elicited by any specific stimuli. Rather the response to a stimulus “operates” on the environment and thus creates a different response when it affects the environment differently.
P1-Explain the principal psychological perspectives In this assignment I will be explaining the psychological perspectives and outline the main points and will talk about all the conditioning such as operant conditioning and classical conditioning. I will describe the learning theories used by the physiologists to outline the behaviouristic approach, psychodynamic approach, humanistic approach and biological approach. Behaviourist psychologist Pavlov (classical conditioning) and Skinner (operant conditioning) are the main two thinkers which are related to this type of perspective. We can understand the behaviour an individual has learnt by just looking at them. Human behaviour is the result of experience.
Skinner – Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Operant conditioning was coined by behaviorist Skinner, which is why you may occasionally hear it referred to as Skinnerian conditioning. As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior.
Building on the earlier work of Thorndike, B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) began to elaborate and extend Thorndike’s ideas on learned behavior. Skinner differentiated between what he termed respondent (or reflexive) behavior, and learned (or operant) behavior. Operant behavior could be characterized by “the observable effects it has on the environment. Operant conditioning, therefore, is learning in which the probability of a response is changed by a chance in its environment (PM, n.d.).” Reinforcement and Punishment Two concepts important to an understanding of operant conditioning are reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcers and punishment are specific types of consequences.
This school of study ultimately depends on the methods of the case studies that are performed to provide the necessary information that will clearly show them the evidence based on motivations. The theory of psychodynamics will tell us that the researcher will be able to collect the correct information based on the subject’s willingness to reveal the truth about themselves in their everyday actions. The Behaviorist Perspective This school of study is also known as “behaviorism.” In this school of study behavior is observed and learned by the way it is shaped by the stimuli in our environment. This study
Instrumental Conditioning Paper Instrumental conditioning sometimes stated as operant conditioning was developed by scientist B.F. Skinner. Instrumental conditioning one of the methods of learning were an individual adapts to the velocity and the manifestation of individual's behavior because of the relationship of the contact of a stimulus (Terry, 2009). Instrumental conditioning is different from the learning method of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning produces changes in behavior by associating a transformation in behavior with a neutral stimulus being frequently matching with a stimulus that triggers a reflexive reaction until the previously neutral stimulus alone can induce a similar reaction (Bernstein, Clarke-Stewart, Penner, Roy, & Wickens, 2000). Whereas in instrumental conditioning, should be modified based on the surrounding and preserved by the significance of the behavior of the individual.
UGC NET - PSYCHOLOGY PAPER II – UNIT 2 Instrumental Learning Operant conditioning - Introducation • Other names: instrumental learning or instrumental conditioning. • It is the study of how behavior is affected by its consequences. • Defn: Operant conditioning explains how voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened depending on positive or negative consequences. • In classical conditioning the original behavior is a natural biological response. • On the contrary, operant conditioning is applied on the behaviors that are voluntary.
III. Can we control our behavior and attitudes? When does our behavior affect our attitude? Psychologist define attitude as a learned tendency, attitude means manner, disposition, feeling, position, with regard to a person or thing; tendency or orientation, especially of the mind. Behavior means the manner of conducting oneself anything that an organism does involving action and response to stimulation the response of an individual, group, or species to its environment the way in which someone behaves; an instance of such behavior the way in which something functions or operates.
They observe the response individuals make to different situations or different conditions. Like behaviorist, cognitivists believe the environment has an impact upon a learner and what happens in one’s life. Lastly, they both hold that our experiences impact the way we learn. In conclusion, these two schools of psychology clearly have their differences and similarities. Behaviorism and cognitivism in my opinion are one of the most important schools of
Conditioning is structure of many parts, some of the most important ones been operant conditioning, positive and negative reinforcement, and reinforcement schedule. The few parts of conditioning that are mention are enough to influence a person's behavior. The term or word conditioning is used to describe the actual procedures that modify a desired performance, (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). Therefore, operant conditioning is used in behavioral psychology and is a method to learn behavior. Operant conditioning is a concept developed by behaviorist B.F. Skinner.