Yellow Journalism and the Spanish-American War

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For many years there has been a debate on whether or not yellow-journalism was a cause of the Spanish-American war. Some historians argue that it had a major impact in sparking the war. They argue newspapers like the New York Journal took advantage of their popularity to incite public opinion and force then President McKinley to act against Spain on behalf of Cuba, which had been under Spanish control since 1511. Other historians disagree and say though the newspapers did report on the events leading up to the war and tended to only publish stories that showed the good side of Cuba, the constant violation by Spain of the interests of the United States in the Caribbean and the United States need to expand their power could be seen as the true causes of the war. In Citizen Hearst: A Biography of William Randolph Hearst, journalist W. A. Swanberg argues that newspaper moguls such as William Randolph Hearst of the popular New York Journal, used it to arouse public opinion in such a way it forced President McKinley to wage war against Spain to free Cuba.1 How could newspapers cause such tremendous action? According to Swanberg newspapers, in general, were the greatest mass medium existing at the time. To support his argument Swanberg gives some statistics showing just how popular these newspapers were in this time: New York had 1,560,000 pro-war newspapers in circulation against 225,000 anti-war papers that undeniably swayed the printings of newspapers all over the country in way or another. Swanberg contributes much of the writings in Hearst’s paper to his ambition to sell his newspapers. He states that Hearst was sincerely devoted to the Cuban cause and at the same time felt that American interests demanded the expulsion of Spain from the hemisphere, but he had no scruples against linking these defensible aims with a ruthless and vulgar drive for
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