Crime Report and Rates Response Tanya Davis CJS/200 July 20, 2012 Professor: Gary Liar The purpose of major crime reporting programs is to help keep track of crimes that are being committed. These types of programs help report where, when and what types of crimes are or have taken place. May law enforcement agencies use these types of programs to help reduce criminal activities, and also to see if crime rates are decreasing or increasing. In the United States if a crime reporting program is going to be successful; it must be precise. If the data that is being reported is not precise then the program will not be successful.
Offender profiling is the collection of empirical data in order to compile a picture of the characteristics of those involved (Howitt 2002). Offender profiles aim to narrow down the range of possible suspects rather than solve the actual crime (Dwyer 2001). Holmes suggests that profiling is most useful when the crime scene reflects psychopathology e.g. sadistic assaults, and 90% of profiling attempts involve murder or rape. Holmes and Holmes 1996 suggested that there are three goals to offender profiling; social and psychological assessments of the offender, psychological evaluation of their belongings, and interviewing suggestions and strategies.
This paper will discuss that topic along with if it is a conflict between the code of ethics and how law enforcement is conducted. This paper will also discuss the role physical behavior and nonverbal communication play in detecting deception. According to Skolnick and Leo (1993) the typology of interrogatory deception discusses interview versus interrogation, Miranda warning, misrepresentation of the nature or seriousness of the offense, role playing, misrepresentation of the moral seriousness of the offense, the use of promises, the misrepresentation of identity, and fabricated evidence. Police rely on deception when it comes to interrogation and at times it is the only way to find the truth. The police used severe beating and torture for years to obtain a confession out of a suspect and this type of activity was known as the “third degree” but now that times have changed mainly because of the Miranda warning, what is used most is deception.
An example of replication is law enforcement replicating a crime to see how the crime was committed. Verification is confirming or validating something. A lie detector test verifies whether someone is telling the truth or not. Theory is in criminal justice represents an attempt to develop plausible explanations of reality, which in this case are crime and the criminal justice system. In addition to one of the most intriguing aspects is the Hypothesis of the Criminal Justice system when referring to a crime being committed.
The frontal lobes control motor function, problem solving, judgment, impulse control, and social behavior and when damage is inflicted upon this area, an individual is affected in the way they react and think due to the cognitive impairment. Individuals who have suffered TBI may engage in crime because of these cognitive impairments. They have lower levels of cognitive skills that interferes with their understanding of what is right and what is wrong. The lack of understanding on how criminal behavior cultivates has lead numerous researchers to study criminals who have suffered from a form of TBI in order to have their questions answered. The researchers in this literature review focused mainly on self-reported brain injury in violent offenders as a way to determine the correlation between brain injury and crime.
Crime Causation and the Iceman CJA/303 February 23, 2010 John Seale Crime Causation and the Iceman Crime Causation; why was a crime committed and what led the individual to commit the crime? Criminologists have developed theories in order to categorize and begin to explain the criminal mind in order to determine crime causation. Previously, criminals were typically categorized through profiling or labeling, either done from the individual’s race, age, or gender. However this method does not assist law enforcement agencies to legitimately track or prevent the same types of crimes from reoccurring, so a new method was developed; crime causation. These theories are best illustrated through the application of notorious criminals and their deviant acts.
The fact that officers know that illegally obtained (but true) evidence will quite possibly be thrown out, and therefore dangerous criminals will be freed, will encourage them to follow the proper procedures. (Woodfin, 2009) In addition, there are already several exceptions to requiring a warrant, such as “stop-and-frisk”, airport and school searches, voluntary searches, and emergency situations (Scheb, 2008) While these arguments supported the continued use of the exclusionary rule, there are also many argue against its value to our criminal justice system. One of the most
The victim may lie in order to try and gain sympathy or favor. I believe the best method of collecting crime data is to ask the victim what happened at different times, being asked by different people. The Uniform Crime Report (or also known as UCR) is used for measuring official crime data the UCR began in 1929. The Uniform Crime Report (or also known as UCR) Began by Federal Bureau of Investigation (or also known as “The FBI”) but Information is based on arrests made. These reports include Part I offenses: violent and property crimes.
Both prosecutors and law enforcement, sometimes knowingly ignore this behavior, in hopes that their testimony will secure a conviction in their favor. Law enforcement who work closely with the crime lab in their department will often try to influence Pathologists to tailor their analysis and testing of evidence to suit their needs in assurance of a solid conviction. Consequently, Pathologists are criminally mishandling and presenting false testimony of the evidence and tests. Regardless of their underpinning of excuses, we must find some means of addressing these issues on a broader scope within the criminal justice system. Dr. Ralph Erdmann is a prime example of one who would
Often times these surveys make the assumption that crimes are always discrete incidents rather than a repetitive social processes. Specific measurement problems can be limited distribution of incident knowledge, forgetting or inaccurate recall of events, and lax participation in surveys. Three procedural issues which affect estimates of victimization rates are problems of panel bias and attrition, differences between telephone and personal interviews, and interviewer effects(Karmen 65-68). The UCR and NIBRS collectively only include figures based solely on crimes known to local police and sheriff’s department and focus mainly on the crime itself and not so much the victim. The accuracy of both reports is routinely in question because of the percentage of victims who do not self-report and often multiple crimes are listed as one- the most serious-while the rest are not accounted for in the reports(UCR).