However, a weakness of Elkins findings is that just because PIT is as effective of CBT, does it make it an effective treatment? This is a weakness because CBT may not be effective in the first place, making them both equally as ineffective. Therefore we must be cautious in trusting this therapy of depression as it may be used based on those findings even though it potentially could be very ineffective. This could lead to very serious consequences which could be dangerous for the
Experimental Research PSY/285 February 17, 2013 Experimental Research Pharmaceutical Research: Sleeping Aids There are many different kinds of sleeping aids that can help someone fall asleep today. Insomnia is when a person has a hard time falling asleep, staying asleep, or a disturbance in the quality of sleep a person gets that will make them feel they are not well rested when they do wake. Insomnia is more common today then we think, about 10% of adults suffer from severe insomnia. Lack of sleep may cause someone to have no motivation, mood swings, and not be able to function to their full potential. Insomnia has also been known to cause depression, anxiety, and stress, which in turn can cause other health problems.
Stage 3 and 4 also known as slow wave sleep (SWS) is characterised by delta brain waves, during these stages most of the body’s repair work is undertaken. In REM sleep there is fast, desynchronised EEG resembling the awake brain and the body is paralysed (cataplexy). Dement and Kleitman’s (1957) carried out a lab study with 9 participants and showed that when patients were woken during REM sleep they were far more likely to report dreaming. As the night progresses SWS gets shorter and REM sleep longer. Dement and Kleitman can be criticised for their very small sample size as it is unlikely to represent the range of individual differences in sleeping and dreaming.
Outline and Evaluate one explanations of sleep disorders Narcolepsy is caused by disruption of sleep wake cycle, where sufferers fall asleep randomly, often whilst engaging in some kind of activity. It is a long-term neurological condition that disrupts normal sleeping patterns which affects 1 in 2000 individuals. The two main symptoms are excessive daytime sleepiness and episodes of cataplexy which is loss of muscular control which often happens when laughing. Other symptoms include sleep paralysis and hallucinations, both experienced when falling asleep and waking up, and disturbed night-time sleep. Narcolepsy usually begins in adolescence and the type of severity of symptoms vary from person to person and may either worsen or improve with time.
Running head: Module D Test Module D Test Jason Robertson PSYCHOLOGY 1101 – Module D Test Dr. Ewing 2/10/13 Module D Test Sleepwalking is probably the most common sleep disorders. Sleepwalking is most commonly seen in children, although it can be seen in adults and the elderly. Boys are more likely to be sleepwalkers than girls are, and the disorder usually runs its course before the teen years. The rates of the occurrences can vary from person to person, some may only sleep walk once a month, while others may sleep walk nightly. I have never experienced sleep walking or know anyone who has so it’s hard for me to understand it.
In 1993 Scragg et al. (cited in Mitchell, 2009) discussed the association with co-sleeping and mothers who smoked. The study showed that infants who spent a long period of time in the same bed as their mother who smoked, were at a higher risk of SIDS. Although Mitchell (2009, p.1714) does go on to state “that bed sharing is the problem, and not just the characteristics of the
Sleep paralysis is a condition that restricts the body from moving and at times speaking while in the transition of falling asleep or awakening (Wickens). There are two other sleep stages that must be addressed to show the steps of narcolepsy in the body. The first being nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM) which is the first phase at the start of sleep (Nishino). NREM only occurs for about the first hour and a half of sleep then is followed by rapid eye movement(REM) sleep where dreaming takes place. It is common in normal sleep patterns to move in and out of REM and NREM sleep but it was found to be more increased among narcolepsy patients to move into REM more often than normal (Nishino).
Side effects are very rare when taking antidepressants, but they can occur. Those side effects include: A headache in the beginning, but after a while it will go away, nausea, which also goes away after a while. Insomnia, which goes away after a few weeks, for this you, may need to reduce the dosage. Men may experience erectile dysfunction and/or delayed ejaculation. Both men and women may also have a lower libido and find it harder to achieve orgasm.
Children with aortic stenosis may have other congenital conditions.In adults, aortic stenosis occurs most commonly in those who've had rheumatic fever, a condition that may develop after strep throat or scarlet fever. Valve problems do not develop for 5 - 10 years after rheumatic fever occurs. Rheumatic fever is increasingly rare in the United States.Only rarely do other factors lead to aortic stenosis in adults. These include calcium deposits forming around the aortic valve, radiation treatment to the chest, and some medications.Aortic stenosis is not common. It occurs more often in men than in women.Tests & diagnosisThe health care provider will be able to feel a vibration or movement when placing a hand over the person's heart.
As with most drugs, they come with many negative side effects. Some appear to be minor, such as loss of appetite, repetitive movements called ‘tics’, personality changes making them seem emotionless and troubles sleeping, in which sometimes the child is given an anti-depressant to help them sleep. More serious side effects include an increased risk of heart disease and stroke, or even sudden death. “Also, medication is only about 50 percent effective, and it decreases in effectiveness from the day [the] child starts taking them” (Advice for parents) and there is no research yet on the long-term effects of the drugs