In addition, Carol Gilligan (1988) theorized that gender differences affected human development. Adolescents of different generations live with different cultural, social, economic, academic, political, and public health stressors found within different historical eras. If Erikson’s Theory (1950) of the universal epigenetic sequence of development displays a true window to human development, the experience of being an adolescent is the same throughout cultural and sub-cultural populations, in different historical eras, and for males, and females. Examined within are the similarities and differences in the area of cultures and sub-cultures. The Universality of Adolescence as a Distinct Life-Period in Every Culture As stated, Erickson’s Theory (1950) supported the universality of adolescence as distinct life period (Schwartz & Montgomery 2002; Chen & Farruggia, 2002).
Centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual development, Erikson’s theory is influenced by Freud (Cherry, 2014a). One of the best known theories of personality in psychology is Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (Cherry, 2014a). Believing personality develops in a series of stages, his theory describes the impact of social experiences across the entire lifespan (Cherry, 2014a). He emphasized that the role culture and society plays can result in conflicts that take place within the ego itself (McLeod, 2008). Erikson indicated every individual passes through eight developmental stages with each stage having a different psychological crisis, which must be resolved by the individual and each stage builds upon the successful completion of prior stages (“Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development,” 2014).
Outline and evaluate the psychodynamic approach to abnormality The psychodynamic approach assumes that experiences in our earliest years can affect our emotions, attitudes and behaviour in later years without us being aware that it is happening. Freud suggested the mind or psyche has three parts: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious. Freud suggested that individuals can never be aware of the contents of the unconscious. Freud argued that childhood experiences play a crucial part in adult development, including the development of adult personality. Every child must pass through the so-called psycho-sexual stages; how a child experiences these stages plays a crucial role in the development of his/her personality.
IB Psychology 1 H435-2 Erikson’s psychological theory of psychosocial development in adolescents has been supported and disputed, showing many strengths and weaknesses, by a multitude of case studies most specifically Rutter et al and Espin et al. Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan and shows how he believes that personality develops in a series of eight different stages. Each stage in Erikson’s theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life and experiencing a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. He believes that if the “stage” is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery but if the stage is handled poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy. In Erikson’s view he sees these conflicts centered around developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality.
Each stage is characterized by a psycho social crisis of these two conflicting forces. If an individual does indeed successfully reconcile these forces he or she emerges from the stage with the corresponding virtue. For example, if an infant enters into the toddler stage (autonomy vs. shame & doubt) with more trust than mistrust, he or she carries the virtue of hope into the remaining life stage. b. Behavioral Learning Theory- John Watson believed that behavior can be measure, trained, and changed. Behaviors can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states.
Adolescence and Adulthood PSY 202 September 11, 2011 Many changes happen during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Physical changes, moral changes and social changes are all happening at the same time during these very important adolescent years. All of these changes come together and create individual adults that contribute in their own way to society. According to Feldman (2010), the psychosocial development stage of adolescence is a search for one’s own identity. This stage is a learning process on how to consider others and not be only self-aware.
The United Kingdom has actually recently introduced a new system for the mental health of children due to the increasing concern about the “emotional well-being, behavioural problems and mental health problems among children and young people” brought to their attention by caretakers, parents, teachers etc. within the past decade (Steven Walker 2010). The British Journal of Clinical Psychology states, “The mental health and well-being of children has now become a national priority in the UK. A tiered system of care is being introduced, which promotes the child mental health role of universal services (Tier 1) and encourages the development of community- based child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS, Tier 2; NHS Health Advisory Service, 1995)” (British Journal of Clinical Psychology). They have put this new system into place within institutions, facilities, and treatment centers and new projects that are developing due to the increased demand for Mental Health Services.
Erikson's psychosocial theory basically asserts that people experience eight 'psychosocial crisis stages' which significantly affect each person's development and personality. Erikson organized life into eight stages in which each healthy developing person should pass through, starting with birth (infancy) and ending with death (old age or late adulthood). Each stage states a psychosocial crisis of two opposing emotional forces and the significant person/ people the crisis involves. Like building blocks, each and every stage builds onto the successful completion of previous stage/ stages. Erikson called these successful outcomes or fundamental gains as ‘Basic Strengths’.
Broderick & Blewitt (2015) define social comparison as comparing someone else’s abilities with their own, and this is a common practice during middle childhood and early adolescence. Middle childhood is when self-esteem is developed and these social comparisons can influence childhood self-esteem and an adolescent’s identity status (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). Eccles (1999) classifies these stages of development as being socially dramatic due to the individual wanting to fit in somewhere. Social rejection from peers can influence the development with negative behaviors and feelings
Though high school may be when conformity is most extreme in modern life, it is definitely established much earlier and continues long after we graduate. Erik Erikson, a psychologist and psychoanalyst is known for his theory of psychosocial development. According to Erickson and his eight psychological stages, conformity is developed in early childhood, between the age of two and three. This stage is about creating a sense of autonomy versus shame and doubt. The book states that, “Feeling of autonomy and competence emerge when children interact effectively with others” (Carver