Associate Level Material Appendix C Psychotherapy Matrix Directions: Review Module 36 of Psychology and Your Life. Select three approaches to summarize. Include examples of the types of psychological disorders appropriate for each therapy. |{ Psychodynamic Therapy Approach } |{ Behavioral Therapy Approach } |{ Cognitive Therapy Approach } | |Summary of|Psychodynamic therapy seeks to bring unresolved |Behavioral therapy builds on the basic processes of |Cognitive therapy teaches people | |Approach |past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the |learning, such as reinforcement and extinction, and |to think in more adaptive ways by changing their | | |unconscious into the conscious, where patients may |assume that normal and abnormal behavior are both |dysfunctional cognitions about the world and | | |deal with the problems more effectively (Feldman, |learned (Feldman, 2010, p. 433). |themselves | | |2010, p. 430).
Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior. Skinner used the term operant to refer to any "active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences". In other words, Skinner's theory explained how we acquire the range of learned behaviors we exhibit each and every day. Bandura – Social Learning Theory The social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura has become perhaps the most influential theory of learning and development. While rooted in many of the basic concepts of traditional learning theory, Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning.
Theory and techniques will be applied through the window of the case study of John, in an effort to demonstrate the effectiveness of this model in strengthening an individual’s internal sense of control, thereby changing behaviour. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is based around the notion of thoughts leading to how an individual feels and acts, discounting the external environment into a much less important role. A two-way relationship exists between thinking and behaviour, in that thinking can influence behaviour and behaviour can, in turn, influence thinking. The predominant assumption in CBT is that maladaptive behaviours arise not from a stimulus itself, but from the individual’s evaluation or thoughts and feelings about that stimulus. CBT uses a collaborative relationship between client and therapist in a goal oriented, systematic approach with both parties working together to achieve a solution, based on the
Gray's RST approach to personality divides personality into two main factors, the behavioural inhibition system (BIS) and the behavioural activation system (BAS); these systems work adjacently to each other. BIS is sensitive to punishment, anxiety and fear whereas BAS responds to rewards, dopamine, impulsivity and appetite for pleasurable things. There is a third facts, FFS (fight flight system) but it is very similar to BIS in that it relates to avoiding punishment and negative stimuli. Support for this model comes from looking at its biological link and it has been found that BIS is linked to nor-adrenaline (Milner and Veznedaroglu, 1993). This suggests that punishment and anxiety can release nor-adrenaline which is part of the fight or flight response which is instigated when trying to avoid fearful stimuli and that is what the BIS system is about.
In its place, he then went further to recommend that, we as humans ought to come across only at the external, observable causes of human behavior. Describe the theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning defines as learning from which an intentional response is weakened or strengthened solely depending on its encouraging or fault-finding outcomes. Operant conditioning is one of the fundamental concepts in behavioral psychology. The guarantee or chance of a reward within itself has the ability to cause an enhance in a person’s behavior, however operant conditioning can also be used to diminish a behavior.
Hormones are thought to play a significant role in manipulating behavior and the mental process because they are involved in various mental disorders as a resulting in interacting with the nervous system. In conclusion, much theory and research have been placed on identifying the major schools of psychology and the underlining assumptions linked to biological factors of behavior. In the beginning stages of psychological research, psychology first began as an establishment of science separate from biology and philosophy. Within those complex findings began the debate in relation to the schools of thought and behavior in the human
Empiricism – everything is learned and needs to be adapted to * Know the difference between structuralism/functionalism. Structuralism: Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Tichener, breaking mental processes into the most basic functions, understand basic elements of consciousness using introspection. Functionalism: William James, Charles Darwin, mental processes are more systematic and accurate, focused on purpose of consciousness and behavior, emphasized individual differences.
For example, I have an input by touching fire, then I have a mental state of pain, then I output by retracting my hand and screaming out. In this essay I will assess Functionalism and show why it is a strong theory that is backed up by discoveries of the brain through neuroscience, and how it argues that machines could be minded. However I will also argue how it can be questioned by theories such as property dualism and this idea of qualia, arguing that we have a non-physical side to our mind/consciousness, something beyond science. In assessing, I will conclude that it is a question of future knowledge and discoveries to discover whether functionalism is incorrect or not, but that at this moment in time it can be shown that it is the strongest theory of the lot. Functionalism overcomes the defying problem with reductive materialism, in which the mind can be multiply realised, as it does not require us to have a wet slimy brain.
Personality psychologists claimed that one of the most profound challenges is to account for personality development, that’s why they put this into a study whether an individual’s behavior are caused by heredity or the environment, this study is known as the “nature” and “nurture”. First, the nature suggests that human behavior is driven mostly by biology (evolution, genetics, brain chemistry, and hormones). In contrast, the nurture suggests that behavior is driven mostly by psychosocial environment (for example, how we were raised, our peers, the situations we are in at present). Both nature and nurture contribute to who an individual is, but to better comprehend the nature versus nurture debate, we should look at the essential characteristics that make up this controversy. Humans are unique and highly-intricate creatures.
Gestalt Psychology Reflection Cherdorise Keen PSY/310 August 31, 2015 Dr. Sadie Fine Introduction Gestalt psychology is considered to be an interesting school of thought within the field of psychology. It is as a system that supports the ideas of functionalism and structuralism, and focuses on learning and perception. The key individuals that influenced this form of psychology are Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Kohler. Gestalt psychology sought to explain the relationship of the whole in comparison to the sum of the parts. For example, if someone were to arrange the structure of a smiley face, which includes a circle, two black dots, and a curved line, it would be very recognizable.