Historical development to the present day . The people influential in its development Dr Carl Ransom Rogers (1902-1987) and American Psychologist was the founder of Person Centred Counselling back in the 1950’s born in Oak Park Illinois. Rogers attended Teachers College at Columbia University where he engaged in child study. In 1930 Rogers served for the society for the prevention of cruelty to children in Rochester; where he went on to write The Clinical treatment of the problem child (1939), which was based on his experience in working with children. With the years’ experience of working with troubled children, Rogers was influenced in constructing his client-centred approach by the post-freudian psychotherapeutic practice of Otto Rank.
Overcoming Resistance to Learning 1 Overcoming Resistance to Learning 2 Malcolm Knowles’ (1989) principles for overcoming resistance to learning have given me a new perspective on adult learning. His techniques for getting people to become self-directed learners have prompted me to change the way my company presents professional development plans to our employees. There are also obvious parallels between Knowles’ principles, and the Principles of Adult Learning course. Resistance to learning is a challenge I am required to overcome quite frequently in my work as a training manager. Some of the training programs I administer are professional development plans for individuals wanting to be considered for a promotion, or recently promoted from within the organization.
This then lead for official statistics and the law enforcement to show a bias towards working class boys. This research shows how deviance only exists because people have decided to attach a label, thus the labelling theory is useful in explain how a deviant and criminal behaviour is classed as this. However, it fails to explain why some people certain crime and deviance in the first place before they are labelled. Also, as said in Item a ‘’deviant individuals are labelled when their actions are discovered and provoke reactions from society. However, this reaction will take differing forms, depending on how the nature of the action is perceived.’’ But as well as this, labelling theorists look at the effects and reaction it causes the individual to take.
It does however explain why some people or actions are described as deviant, and can help in understanding crime and deviance. According to item A labelling has changed the theoretical base for the study of criminals. Becker emphasises the significance of crime being a social construct; an action only becomes criminal or deviant once society has labelled it so, and that crime can be argued to be a social construction. He introduced the concept of a master label, referring to the label which a person is given which overrides all other labels. When a person is labelled as negatively, society tends to tend them as such, and this master label often becomes internalised, and then a self-fulfilling prophecy occurs.
The idea behind corrections facilities is to take a criminal and rehabilitate them so that they may reenter society a better person and as one that may become a contributor to society instead of taking from society. There are a wide variety of issues that the clients in corrections might have. Many might have the same main issues but the underlying issues that cause those issues are the ones that really need the work. These are the main behavioral plans that case managers will work on
Appellate courts help decide how police officers do their jobs. Courts oversee the operations of the criminal justice. Courts get involved once a particular matter comes to the attention of an appellate court, and only then if the decision is publicized. Lower courts don’t always publish their decisions, so this limits the oversight function. (Siegel, Schmalleger, & Worrall,
Another possible answer comes from a facilitation model (Thornberry et al., 1993) in which the norms and the group processes within the gang encourage involvement in violence and other delinquency. If norms within gangs are favorable toward violence and delinquency, members would be expected to adhere to those norms and commit delinquent acts while they were a part of the group. "Once a person enters a group, reciprocal processes lead to further commonalties in activities, including deviant ones. There is a transmission of values and, for some networks, a contagion of social problems" (Cairns and Cairns, 1991:273). A third possibility is that both processes are in effect, operating in an enhancement model, as suggested by Cairns and Cairns (1991), Esbensen and Huizinga (1993), and Hill et al.
“A given correctional agency will sometimes take actions that do not seem best suited to achieving fairness or public protection. At times, correctional agencies may seem to work at odds with one another or with other aspects of the criminal justice process” (Clear, Cole, Reisig, and Petrosion, 2012, p. 11). In spite of this, our correctional institution have a give-and-take relationship with the environment in which it operates. What this means is the practice within corrections affect the community in which it operates, and the values and expectations of the community affects how corrections operate. “If the prison system provides inadequate drug treatment, offenders return to the community with ther same drug problems that they had when they were locked up” (Clear, Cole, Reisig, and Petrosion, 2012, p.
Community policing is predicated upon discussions between citizens and the police.” This type offers police officers to know the community they work for and any problems within that community. They attend many meetings having to do with crime and the hope of being able to resolve certain criminal activity or the atmosphere for criminal acts to occur. This style is the more proactive approach and focuses more on correcting environmental matters that help facilitate a crime and programs such as rehabilitation to help substance abusers and teen pregnancy in getting their act cleaned up, not causing it to be repeated (University of Phoenix, 2004). The direction in which the problem-solving style of communication flows would be unidirectional. Everyone here is trying to help someone, so we can have a better society.
According to Sutherland, differential association refers to the principle that criminal acts are related to an individual’s frequent or constant exposure to antisocial attitudes or values. Proposition 1- Criminal behaviour is learnt. The basic argument of differential association is that, like all forms of behaviour, criminal behaviour is learnt from other people, thus eliminating the roles of heredity, human nature and innovation as causes of deviant behaviour. Example: Newly recruited gang member will learn from others how to commit crime – hot wire a car. Proposition 2 – Criminal behaviour is learnt through interaction with other people by means of a process of communication.