This was supported by the National Child Development Study which found that children from low income households were an average of 9 months behind in their education compared to others. It showed that material factors such as a poor diet, overcrowded housing and lack of resources have an impact on working class children’s education. Additionally, family socialisation also is believed to affect the social class differences in achievement. Parental interest is shown to have a big impact. JWB Douglas did a longitudinal study of 5’362 children in 1964 which continued until they were 16.
Type 1 is the most severe form. Children with type 1 Usher syndrome are born deaf at birth and have major balance problems. Children with type 1 Usher syndrome usually lose their vision by age 10. Type 2 Usher syndrome characteristics include moderate to severe hearing loss at birth but normal balance. Depending on the severity of hearing loss most children with type 2 can benefit from hearing aids and communicate verbally.
The pregnancy rate was 71.5 pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15–19. Among black women aged 15–19, the nationwide pregnancy was 126 per 1,000, among white teenagers 44.0 per 1,000 and Hispanic teenagers pregnancy rate 126.6 per 1,000 (Kost, Henshaw, & Carlin, 2010). The Florida teen birth rate in 2004 was 42.4 per 1,000 girls aged 15 – 19. Among all states, the 2004 teen birth rate in Florida ranks 30th with 50 being the highest (National Campaign, 2001). According to Cornerstone Consulting group (2001): Palm Beach County (PBC) does not identify the age of the mother in the abortion data it collects, pregnancy rates are not computed for the county.
This is called choridal neovascularization. These blood vessels leak blood and fluid into the retina, causing distortion of vision. The dry form of macular can also lead to the wet form. Only about 10% of patients with macular degeneration develop the wet form, they make up the majority who experience serious vision loss from the disease. Macular degeneration can be passed from parent to child, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, and being light skinned, female and having light eye color are also risks for macular degeneration (webmd copy write 2005-2014, LLC) Glaucoma is an eye disease characterized by dysfunction of the ocular drainage system.
Severity of motor (involuntary movement) and phonic (involulntary noise) abnormalities usually peak early with a reduction of symptoms noticed around age 20 for most people, but severe cases may start in adulthood (Leckman, 2002). Tourette's syndrome is associated with a variety of other mental health disorders including depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and other anxiety disorders. TS are more common in males than females at a ratio of 4 to 1 and more common in Caucasian than African American or Hispanics (Enwefa, 2006). Currently there is no official number of people with TS, but it is estimated that about 100,000 Americans have it (Crews, 2000). There is no known cause of TS, but researcher's have focused on the possibility of chemical imbalance causing abnormal neurotransmission of brain signals (Kozarek, 1992).
Vulnerable Population NUR/440-Health Assessment and Promotion for Vulnerable Population December 11, 2012 Vulnerable Population The vulnerable population I have chosen for this paper is teenage pregnancies. By definition, a vulnerable population is a subgroup of the population who are at the risk for poor psychological, physical, and social health than the population as a whole (Chesnay, Chapter 1, Vulnerable populations: Vulnerable People, 2012). Research and evidence does support that pregnant teenagers are at risk. After, watching some shows on television, reading newspapers, and working with a wide variety of staff, I believe that pregnant teenagers are a vulnerable population. Teenage pregnancies are connected with many social issues, such as higher poverty rates, lower education, single parent homes, violent homes, and low self-esteem.
There are many community based issues that falls under the goals of Healthy People 2020 that needs public healthcare and nursing intervention. The three Community Nursing Diagnoses I have chosen for this paper are: Risk for impaired parenting due to teenage pregnancy, Ineffective coping related to adolescents who experience major depressive episodes, and Risk for associated health complications related to obesity. The first diagnosis I will discuss is teenage pregnancy. Although the number of teens who get pregnant in the United States has fallen in recent years, the U.S. teen birth rate is still the highest of any developed country, with more than 400,000 births in 2009, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. According to the report, 50.1% of girls aged 15 to 19 who had an unintended pregnancy were not using any form of contraception when they got pregnant, and 31.4% thought they could not get pregnant at the time (nim.nih.gov).
In this essay I will examine how smoking, alcohol and the mother’s diet influence prenatal development. Cigarette smoking is proven to have a negative effect on the smoker so how could it be any different for a fetus exposed to nicotine. Researchers have found that smoking and drinking are associated with disturbances in the placental functioning and with changes in maternal physiology that lead to oxygen deprivation and may produce structural and functional changes in the brain of a fetus ( Mavis Hetherington & Ross Parke). Mothers that smoke have a higher increase of infants being born with growth deficiencies rather than non-smokers. Also common with maternal smoking is Sudden Infant Death Syndrom (SIDS).
(2002). "Alcohol use disorders in adolescents: epidemiology, diagnosis, psychosocial interventions, and pharmacological treatment.” Paediatr Drugs 4 (8): 493–502). Up to one third of kids that binge drink has a six percent chance of reaching the limit of having an alcohol related substance use disorder. Approximately one in twenty five women binge drink during pregnancy, which can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Binge drinking during adolescence is associated with traffic accidents and other types of accident, violent behavior as well as suicide.
Research shows that teenage mothers may come from violent homes, single parent homes, have poor self-esteem, a history of depression, and a history of drug or alcohol abuse (Quinlivan, Tan, Steele & Black, 2004). The average teen mother is 17.5 years old. UNITED STATES birth rates are higher than any other country. $9 billion are spent annually on teen pregnancy. Florida alone had 354,000 teen births between 1991 and 2004, costing taxpayers $8.1 billion.