John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner – Little Albert Experiment The aim of the experiment was to investigate whether fear can be acquired through classical conditioning on human beings. Before conditioning, pre-testing was done to see if Albert was capable of producing a fear response. The checked if he was afraid of different materials, such as: a white rat, a rabbit, a dog, a monkey, masks with and without hair, cotton wool, burning newspapers, etc but he demonstrated no fear. They found that little Albert showed fear when exposed to loud noises. They started conditioning by showing Albert a white rat.
According to Kowalski and Westen (2011) classical conditioning is the result of an unconditioned reflex, like salivation, when an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is introduced, like food, with a conditioned stimulus, like ringing a bell when food is brought. This causes a conditioned response (CR), which is considered a learned response. Operant conditioning, again according to Kowalski and Westen (2011), is behavior that causes a reaction or response, as opposed to classical conditioning is an environmental stimulus causes a response. Though it seems difficult to separate the two conditionings, it’s actually fairly simple. Classical conditioning is a reflexive or natural response to a stimulus that is not normally associated with the behavior, and operant conditioning is a behavior acquired through an action that is not reflexive, but “performed.” In short, classical conditioning is a
The last thing that B. F. Skinner was learning was that, to speed up the response acquisition during operant conditioning is to reinforce successive approximations to desired responses. This approach was called shaping. We might first reward the rat for turning toward the response bar. Once the rat has learned this behavior, we might withhold reinforcement until the rat moves towards the bar. Later we might reward it only for sniffing the bar or touching it with its nose or paw.
2. Outline and discuss the therapy used by the Behavioural Approach [12] The therapy used by the Behavioural Approach is Systematic Desensitisation developed by Wolpe during the 1950s. The aim of the SD is to use reverse conditioning to replace an unwanted behaviour (fear) with a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus to desensitise the phobia. Because fear and relaxation are incompatible, the feelings of fear gradually subside. This is done by forming a hierarchy of fear, involving the conditioned stimulus (e.g.
Then a scenario will be use to explain an example of classical conditioning. In the 20th century, Ivan Pavlov had unexpectedly come across the philosophy of classical conditioning, when he was researching his dogs’ digestion system. During his research he realized that the dogs tend to salivate to the sight of food, so then he paired the food with a bell to see if the
Discuss two or more psychological explanations of phobic disorders (8 marks + 16 marks) One psychological explanation for phobic disorders can be explained by the behavioural approach. This approach proposes that phobias are acquired through conditioning. The case study of Little Albert showed he developed a fear of white furry objects through classical conditioning as he had experienced a furry rat, the neutral stimulus, being associated with a loud noise, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). The UCS produced an unconditioned response of fear and the furry object, now a conditioned stimulus, acquired the same properties so that when Albert saw it he cried because he was scared. Sue et al.
If he has his way, rat poison will be tested on rats -- care to hazard a guess about the results? To be charitable, suppose for a moment that Mr. Gore came up with some chemicals whose properties were unknown. Animal testing would tell us little about their potential danger to humans. The basic tests in the original proposal, now being challenged by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and other animal protection groups, are from the 1920s and 1930s. They are this crude and painful: Force the chemicals down the animals' throats, smear them onto their abraded backs or inject them directly into their stomachs until the animals die.
Pavlov landed upon this theory by mistake whilst carrying out a different unrelated experiment with dogs. Nevertheless, he used this as an added advantage and modified his experiment with the dogs to prove his newly founded theory. Initially the dogs would salivate (unconditional response) when presented with food (neutral stimulus) and no response were obtained from the animals when presented with food (unconditional stimulus) were sounded on its own. For a period of time thereafter, the bell was sounded at the same time when the food was presented to the dogs. Eventually, the sound of the bell (now a conditioned response) was sufficient to make the dogs salivate (now conditioned response) in the absent of food.
Classical Conditioning Anthony Trolli PSY/390 October 10, 2011 Brian Newbury Classical Conditioning Theory of Classical conditioning: The theory of classical conditioning is a term that is often used to describe how one learns with the experiences they may have acquired through their experiences. In psychology it can be defined as a permanent change of knowledge or behavior. The one example that is best experiment with the dogs was how he trained the dogs to salivate when they heard the sound of the bell ringing, he first showed them some food which caused the salivation, after a while he would just ring the bell without bringing them food to just cause them to salivate from the sound of the bell ring. One way to define
Although those who seek to end animal research – either because they choose to reject its well established usefulness or because they believe the life of a rat is equal in importance to that of a child – persist in their efforts to sabotage medical research with break-ins, thefts, arsons, harassment and intimidation of researchers, there can be no question that there is a great need for animals in medical research to prevent deadly diseases, to ensure the safety of the general public of unstable cosmetics and household products that are used every