This suggests that punishment and anxiety can release nor-adrenaline which is part of the fight or flight response which is instigated when trying to avoid fearful stimuli and that is what the BIS system is about. Gray's model can be argued to capture personality as the biological link suggests that there is a physical link between brain pathways and activation and personality which gives it a physical presence. Another explanation of personality is Eysencks model. This model is split into 3 super traits which are Psychoticism, extroversion and neuroticism. These super traits breakdown into facets which are sub traits that contribute to the main trait.
Systematic Desensitization deals with the assumption that anxiety arises through classical conditioning by the client’s previous contact with said phobias and their learned reactions to them (Goisman). It also relies on the principle of operant conditioning, due to the slow process of the therapy to get the client accustomed to something until they are used to it. Operant conditioning can be utilized to make permanent behavioral changes, thus helping clients to interact with their phobias without fear (Gelder, Marks, and Wolff). Three Treatment Steps Used With Systematic Desensitization The first step is to have the client develop a fear
By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (the presentation of food), the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response. In order to understand how more about how classical conditioning works, it is important to be familiar with the basic principles of the process. Classical conditioning. Conditioned stimulus The conditioned stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. In our earlier example, suppose that when you smelled your favourite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle.
Two mechanisms are the cause for these emotions; these are the serotonin and opiate hypotheses. The serotonin hypothesis states that chocolate, which is a carbohydrate, contains the amino acid Tryptophan, which is used in the brain. It is important that there is a balance of serotonin levels. Having low levels is shown to be a cause of depression. Research has shown that people who are suffering from depression tend to eat more foods that are carbohydrates as it increases their serotonin level, however consuming foods that are purely carbohydrate is difficult as there is almost always a trace of another food component, for example, protein.
Behaviourists believe that all behaviour is gained through conditioning. Firstly, classical conditioning claims that infants become attached to the person who feeds them or gives them pleasure, as food (the unconditioned stimulus) produces a sense of pleasure (unconditioned response). The food then becomes associated with the ‘feeder’ that then becomes a conditioned stimulus also producing a sense of pleasure. Secondly, operant conditioning (Dollard and Miller 1950) is used to integrate the perception of mental states. When an infant is hungry, this is uncomfortable and this creates a drive to reduce the discomfort.
Psychology Essay Discuss one or more learning explanations for addiction There are 3 learning explanations which offer explanation of how an individual becomes an addict and how they continue to maintain the addiction, these are Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning and the Social Learning Theory; in this essay I will talk about Classical Conditioning and the Social Learning Theory. According to Classical Conditioning, the way in which an addiction is initiated is through association, so a stimuli which proceeds or occurs at the same time as a learned stimulus may become a secondary reinforcement; so they will obtain their influence only by association. E.g. so alcohol related stimuli (sights and sounds of a pub) may bring out the same physiological responses that alcohol would have. This is supported by Robins et al.
Discuss one or more psychological explanations of OCD Psychological explanations of OCD are made up of firstly, behavioral and secondly cognitive explanations. Although they both explain the obsessions and compulsions of OCD in different ways, they each have their own ways of interpreting the aspects of OCD and how people behave. Behavioral explanations of OCD talk about how obsessions and compulsions are learned behaviors. The acquisition of obsessions is a two way process; classical conditioning talks about how a neutral stimulus becomes associated with anxiety, whereas operant conditioning describes how the anxiety associated with the stimulus is maintained by avoidance. An individual who avoids the feared stimulus leads to positive outcomes, and is therefore negatively reinforcing.
Addiction, A Multidisciplinary View on This Mental Disorder Rami K. Allam - 112754130 Addiction is one of the most controversial disorders of current times. Many try to explain Addiction in terms of a single dimension, such as the disease model, but we will find that a unilateral view will leave out many important features of Addiction. A theory of Addiction should encompass a framework in which all facets of the person’s life are involved. Those facets include the biological, social and psychological aspects of the individual. I will present what I think to be the most valid theory, Graham’s concept.
Withdrawal: is another phenomenon associated with mood-altering experiences. A series of temporary physical and biopsychsocial symptoms that occurs when an addict abruptly abstains from an addictive chemical or behavior. The Physiology of Addiction: Virtually all intllectual, emotional, and behavioral functions occur as a result of biochemical interactions between nerve cells in the body. The Biopsychosocial Model of Addiction: Theory of the relationship between an addict's biological(genetic) nature and psychological and environmental influences. The Biopsychosocial Model of Addiciton was developed to explain the complex interaction between the biological, psychological, and social aspects of addiction.
Classical conditioning is the process in which associations are made between multiple stimuli. It also includes respondent behavior, or, actions which are automatic (conditioned or unconditioned) responses to stimuli. There are four parts that are involved with classical conditioning: the Unconditioned Stimulus, the Unconditioned Response, the Conditioned Stimulus, and the Conditioned Response. The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. For example, when you smell some foods, you immediately become very hungry.