Discuss one or more psychological explanations of OCD Psychological explanations of OCD are made up of firstly, behavioral and secondly cognitive explanations. Although they both explain the obsessions and compulsions of OCD in different ways, they each have their own ways of interpreting the aspects of OCD and how people behave. Behavioral explanations of OCD talk about how obsessions and compulsions are learned behaviors. The acquisition of obsessions is a two way process; classical conditioning talks about how a neutral stimulus becomes associated with anxiety, whereas operant conditioning describes how the anxiety associated with the stimulus is maintained by avoidance. An individual who avoids the feared stimulus leads to positive outcomes, and is therefore negatively reinforcing.
The different therapies | | |unconscious into the conscious or present time. |Treatment, Operant conditioning technique, and dialectical|are: Rational-emotive behavior therapy to help people | | |The psychodynamic therapy has the goal to release hidden |behavior therapy. Those treatment techniques are used to |thinking into a more realistic, rational and logical point| | |thoughts and feeling in order to reduce their power in |view the abnormal behavior as the problem and trying to |of view. | | |controlling behavior. Session of 50 minutes might be |find the reason and change it.
This research suggests that if a person is threatened which will increase stress and anxiety levels, they are more likely to remember. Conversely a meta-analysis of 18 studies into the effects of anxiety on witness recall concluded that high levels of stress negatively impact on recall. The weapon-focus effect (Johnson and Scott 1976) suggests that the presence of a weapon can diminish accuracy in recall. In the experiment participants sat outside an experimental psychology lab, waiting to take part in an experiment. A receptionist was in the room for a short while and made an excuse to leave.
Discuss psychological therapies for obsessive compulsive disorder (8+16 marks) One behavioral therapy is Exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy. The behavioral approach assumes that obsessions and compulsions are learned through conditioning and therefore for patients to recover they must unlearn these behaviors. ERP provides opportunities for re-conditioning the compulsions and obsessions the patient has learnt. Firstly the psychiatrist constructs a list of compulsions and obsessions using Y-BOCS and then is ranked by the patient from least to most anxiety provoking circumstances. The psychiatrist moves up the rank, enabling the patient to experience the feared stimulus and then learns to associate the stimulus with relaxation, until the anxiety subsides (habituation).
Othello How is Othello (the play) a psychological play? -Make reference to some key moments The play Othello by William Shakespeare is a play primarily concerning the morals and transitions of the psychological wellbeing of the characters. The overall plot correlates Othello’s psychological shift, each act gradually descending to a mentally deranged psychopathic state. Shakespeare portrays these ideas through the wide use of animalistic imagery, hyperbole and metaphors to reinstate psychological ideas throughout the play. One of the main themes in the play Othello is manipulation.
I will also be describing the Psychological phenomenon associated with hypnosis and looking at the physical aspects as well. I will conclude the assignment by discussing the role of relaxation in hypnotherapy. The word hypnosis is derived from "Hypnos", who was the Greek god of sleep. Dr James Braid (1795-1860) used this term in 1840 as he believed “mesmerism” was in fact a nervous sleep. The word “mesmerism” stems back to the work of australian, Dr Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815).
Anything that precedes a drug dose becomes a conditioned stimulus, leading to conditioning responses from the body; so the absence of the anticipated drug then puts the body into a state of disequilibrium, (withdrawal symptoms) which then motivate the individual to take the drug again. This is then supported by Wikler (1948) as when studying people addicted to opiate drugs he noticed the patients experienced withdrawal-like symptoms when they returned to drug
Social policies aimed at reducing prejudice and intergroup conflict would do well to take account of social psychological research in this area.’ Discuss this statement, making reference to relevant research in your answer. The thesaurus dictionary defines prejudice as an adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or examination of the facts. The definition is expanded further by saying that prejudice is an irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, or religion. Prejudice can also be described as a negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members. Dixon (cited in Hollway, 2007) points out that psychological research treated prejudice as the outcrop of abnormal psychological development.
Aversion therapy is linked to classical conditioning. All behaviour including undesirable behaviour, such as addictions, is learned. These addictions occur when the undesirable behaviour like smoking is associated with pleasure. If such behaviour is learnt it can be unlearned in the same way. The aim is to condition the patient to associate the undesirable behaviour with an aversive stimulus.
Outline and evaluate psychological therapies for depression? Cognitive-behavioural theories explain depression upon learned irrational and maladaptive thinking. Becks cognitive behavioural therapy works to challenge and alter the irrational thoughts and dysfunctional behaviour that is keeping the depression consistent. The therapist will first need to explore the patient’s background information and identify key irrational thoughts before the therapy can begin. Within the 3-4 months of therapy, it will involve behavioural activation to identify pleasurable activities the patient enjoys and try to make these activities be more consistent in their lives.