Make sure you emphasise the 'evolutionary' part in your answer. Xenophobia is often present in sports events, with racist chants and signals often exhibited in the crowds of football matches. Many psychologists believe that natural selection has favoured the genes which cause humans to be altruistic towards members of their own group but intolerant towards outsiders. This may be because it would have prompted our ancestors to be suspicious towards strangers, helping them to avoid attack. Another explanation for the evolution of group displays in sport is based on territoriality, the protective response to an invasion of one's territory.
They are a signal or warning to any other group that may consider hostile action. During the Cold War, the term ‘mutually assured destruction’ referred to the fact that both the US and the USSR had enough weaponry to destroy each other if they ever went to war. The theory was that if both nations knew this, both would avoid conflict at all costs. The haka is a traditional Maori display of aggression seen on the rugby field prior to a game. It serves the same purpose of trying to convince your opponent not to bother competing too hard because you are stronger than them.
John De Lord Crime articles explained using AS Psychology Men given football game ban over Glasgow 'severed ear brawl' We can use this event to be backed up by Social Psychology, through both prejudice and obedience. The Agency Theory would suggest that each side may have followed orders of an authority figure. For example ‘Glasgow Rangers’ fans may have been ordered by the authority figure to attack the opposition. Originally they were in the autonomous state, acting on their own behalf whereby they may not have even thought about violence. But by being given an order they chose to obey, experiencing the agentic shift into the agentic state, therefore acting as agents to the authority figure.
The unproven theory stated by Sigmund Freud that human is innate violent has become an excuse for wars, crimes and injustice in the world. Sigmund Freud and the animal researcher Konrad Lorenz stated that “We have within us, naturally and spontaneous reservoir of aggressive energy, this force, which builds by itself, must be periodically drained off- by participating in competitive sports" (kohn ). Are not we pushing ourselves to be violent in our intent of "drain off our energy" by practicing competitive sports "aggressive sports" such as football or boxing where physical force is the primary ingredient for winning the game? Scientifics, Psychologists, Anthropologist and Sociologist have taken the responsibility to disprove Sigmund Freud’s theory. Freud believed that aggression in humans is a result of a very strong death wish.
Describe and evaluate Milgram’s original experiment. The Germans are different hypothesis (GADH) stated that the destruction of Jews, gypsies, homosexuals and many others was made possible because of some sort of character defect which makes Germans more obedient, which therefore made them more likely to follow Hitler’s orders and commit the heinous crimes. Milgram’s ‘Behavioural study of obedience to malevolent authority’ in 1963 set out to test this theory as well as to see if participants in his experiment would obey orders to administer electric shocks to someone they thought was another participant and also to see how far the participants would go when they thought they were hurting someone else due to an authoritative individual. To carry out this procedure he used a standardized procedure and repeated measures design using a sample of 40 male volunteers by advertising participation locally in a newspaper for an experiment on human memory, in this advert he stated that the participants would be paid $4.00. The experiment was held at the prestigious university; Yale.
Baron stated that: “aggression is any form of behaviour toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.” (Baron, R.A. Richardson, D.R. 2004) There are four different types of aggression: Assertive act Instrumental aggression Hostile aggression Non-aggressive act. Many people see aggression in sport as a negative, but some sport psychologists agree that aggression can improve performance (Widmeyer & Birch, 1984). This type of aggression is called assertive behaviour (Bredemeier, 1994), this is where a player will play within the
Eysenck’s personality theory states criminal behaviour is a result of genetics and the nervous system. Those with extrovert personalities are more likely to commit crime. These personalities are as a result of the RNS dampening down the nervous system which makes the person seek stimulation which they find in crime such as fighting and joy riding. Furthermore Eysenck goes on to say that those with Neuroticism are also more likely to commit more crime due to adrenaline being forced in to the blood stream by the ANS. Eysenck has conducted personality and genetic studies which support his theory., criminals and non-criminals were compared and crimples were found to score more highly on the P and N scale.
More Damned Lies and Statistics says that the power of example can overwhelm discussion of an issue. If the media sees on thing, like Hush Puppies, that they like, they can blow it out of proportion and make it into a very significant cause. When the media thought that Hush Puppies were going to be the next big thing, they took action, advertising the product, and made it become a hit item for people to wear. Freakonomics Introduction begins with a discussion of how, in the 1990s, experts predict a dire and dramatic increase in crime, particularly in murder
Or does it simply provide an outlet for aggression? Here I shall look a little deeper into the aggression that lies beneath sport; the good, the bad and the ugly. Some people may strongly feel that sport does in fact powerfully enhance aggression, and support the idea that it is one hundred percent crucial in giving aggression an excuse, and place in society. One reason for this is the idea that, young people facsimile the behavior of their sporting role models that could possibly act in an aggressive manor. We live in a society, where Sportsmen are the new celebrity, and it seems as though, the once innocent youthful generation are becoming more and more swayed by the aggressive nature of influential sports people.
However, some players and managers have even been targeted by their own fans. The purpose of this report is to understand the current situation of racism within football, and look at what is begin done to help rid the game of it. With numerous governing bodies contained by sport, it is key to understanding what the main bodies choose to do to help endorse the fight against racism. It seems as though it is becoming more and more of a human rights issue, as players endure the direct racism from not only fans but club management teams. Procedures The main secondary sources for this project were obtained using electronic research material.