Discuss the role of neural and hormonal mechanisms in aggression (24) Aggression is deliberate anti-social behaviour that is often intended to cause harm, usually observed through verbal or physical acts. There are two mechanisms said to be involved in aggression, neural and hormonal. Neural mechanisms such as the amydgala and the prefrontal cortex are thought to be involved in aggressive behaviour. The amygdala is a group of nuclei in the frontal lobe of the brain which is associated with primitive aggressive responses of instinct fear and aggression. The prefrontal cortex is in charge of thought analysis and regulated behaviour.
There are various types of bullying but all of them implicate an imbalance of power between the bully and the victim, which is normally intentional and harmful with a tendency of being repetitive (Olweus, 1993). According to Dodge and Coie (1987) a bully is someone that performs a repetitive proactive aggression action towards someone without being provoked. The ratio of frequent bullying reported internationally ranges from a low of 1.9% among 1 Irish sample to a high of 19% in a Malta study. (Nansel, et al., 2001) Bullying behaviour comes in various forms, it can be direct and evident like hitting and name-calling or more indirect or subtle like spreading rumours and social exclusion. The following is a list of types of bullying which a child can be subject to: 1.
Aggression in Sport Aggression can be defined as ‘intent to harm outside the laws of the game’ and revolves around behavioural misconduct. This can have a negative or positive effect on a performer depending on the individual, but when the aggression is considered to be channelled for a positive purpose it becomes assertion. However the distinction between whether conduct is aggressive or assertive can be difficult to distinguish in some cases. The causes of aggression can be divided into nature or nurture. Nature is suggested in the instinct theory where aggression is a characteristic shared by all humans as an innate biological drive which is expressed through sport.
The first thing is to differentiate anger from aggression. Aggression can be an expression of anger, but is not necessarily so. Aggression is the use of power or strength, either verbally or physically, against someone else in order to cause harm and is not necessarily the result of anger but can be quite calculated and intentional. Anger is part of the ‘fight or flight’ response. When the hypothalamus is stimulated by a trigger, a series of nerve cells start to fire and chemicals are released to prepare our body for running or fighting.
These results showed that because people find the pictures that harm our immune system more disgusting , we use the disgust gene as a protection against disease. Disgust is an evolutionary explanation of behaviour as without the disgust gene we would not be able to create offspring that can
It has been recognized that aggressive acts can occur for a variety of reasons, and a distinction has been made between affective aggression that is associated with negative emotion and instrumental aggression that is not (Neuman & Baron, 1997). Affective, or “hot,” aggression has as its primary goal the injury of a target, whether physical or psychological, at times impulsively and immediately during the experience of negative emotion in response to provocation. With instrumental, or “cold,” aggression, harm of another may be a means to desired ends. In work organizations, instrumental aggression may be the chosen path toward status, power, perks, assignments, bonuses, promotions, and reputation, that is, “getting ahead” (Neuman & Baron, 2005). Our focus in this chapter will be on affective aggression and CWB, in which harm of another person or an organization is
“Performance enhancing drugs in sport should be legalised.” Tim Chappell won the initial vote with 86% of students voting against drugs in sport. Steve Olivier started the debate by stating the five main arguments against his case which were that using drugs is against the nature of sport, drugs are unfair, it is unnatural, loss of freewill and causes harm. He continued by breaking down each point and highlighting its flaws. His first point stated that drugs were not against the nature of sport because sport is already an unnatural practice. He then went on to argue that sport is already economically unfair and poorer nations are disadvantaged.
TV’s Effect: Helpful or Harmful? Media is often deemed the scapegoat for all of humanity’s problems; whether it’s obesity, a paucity of morals, people having fallow minds, and most of all, violence. Violence is defined as a behavior using physical force that is meant to hurt, injure, or kill someone or something. Over the years there have been numerous studies about how television can effect a person’s personality and levels of aggression. The studies set out to demonstrate how “awful” violence on television is to the human mind, yet there are some who assert that some of the shows with violence have good morals behind them.
When the whistle blew however his first action was to make an illegal, straight armed, head high tackle on an opponent. He was sent off after 12 seconds. Whilst this was an extreme occurrence in terms of its rapidity, sport is strewn with examples of performance being adversely affected by uncontrolled emotions. The more highly profiled amongst these include the dramatic loss of Jana Novotna to Steffi Graf in the 1993 Wimbledon Ladies final; the collapse of Jean Van der Velde from an equally ‘invincible’ position in the 1999 British Open Golf championship; Ronaldo’s emotional ‘breakdown’ prior to the 1998 World Cup final; and the unstable performance of Paul Gascoigne in the 1991 F.A Cup final. These and other examples would seem to confirm the argument of Jones and Hardy (1989) that “a deciding factor in competitive performance is not the degree of skill of the athlete, but the ability to perform that skill under competitive stress”.
Back in the day the types of hazing were much more severe than in modern times but it is still unacceptable even I it was accepted back then. At that time, the hazing cases were much more severe, yet were accepted. I believe that these cases are just as unacceptable then as they are now. Some examples of this are that people were paddled and beaten, shoved in lockers, and were also generally abused verbally and physically. In a study that included one-hundred and sixty-seven athletes from 6 colleges and universities across the United States showed that 14% of the group had participated in kidnapping people and 17% participated in binding people up or putting them in a small space (Van Reelte).