Building on the earlier work of Thorndike, B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) began to elaborate and extend Thorndike’s ideas on learned behavior. Skinner differentiated between what he termed respondent (or reflexive) behavior, and learned (or operant) behavior. Operant behavior could be characterized by “the observable effects it has on the environment. Operant conditioning, therefore, is learning in which the probability of a response is changed by a chance in its environment (PM, n.d.).” Reinforcement and Punishment Two concepts important to an understanding of operant conditioning are reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcers and punishment are specific types of consequences.
Skinner – Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Operant conditioning was coined by behaviorist Skinner, which is why you may occasionally hear it referred to as Skinnerian conditioning. As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior.
Pavlov was a Russian physiologist, who studied conditioning. Next B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) evolved the behaviorist theory into its own psychological perspective. Skinner believed that punishment and reward are the result of behavior; this theory forms the principles of operant conditioning that he proposed. This is not say, however that Skinner ignored what occurs before the response, or the context in which it occurs (Kretchmar, 2008). Last the discussion turns to Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).
According to B.F. Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning, is punishment of unwanted behaviors or reinforcement of good behaviors more effective in childrearing? B.F. Skinner believed that it is more productive to study behaviors that can be observed rather than mental thinking, and therefore created his theory of operant conditioning. In 1938 when Skinner coined the term operant conditioning he stated that it means roughly changing behaviors by the use of reinforcement, which is given after the desired response1. Reinforcement is the strengthening of behaviors by either adding to a situation or removing something from a situation. Skinner studied the effects both positive and negative reinforcement had on rats.
Instrumental Conditioning Paper Instrumental conditioning sometimes stated as operant conditioning was developed by scientist B.F. Skinner. Instrumental conditioning one of the methods of learning were an individual adapts to the velocity and the manifestation of individual's behavior because of the relationship of the contact of a stimulus (Terry, 2009). Instrumental conditioning is different from the learning method of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning produces changes in behavior by associating a transformation in behavior with a neutral stimulus being frequently matching with a stimulus that triggers a reflexive reaction until the previously neutral stimulus alone can induce a similar reaction (Bernstein, Clarke-Stewart, Penner, Roy, & Wickens, 2000). Whereas in instrumental conditioning, should be modified based on the surrounding and preserved by the significance of the behavior of the individual.
This therefore results in behaviour being determined by the environment for example conditioning. Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts central to behavioural psychology. While both result in learning, the processes are quite different. Classical conditioning was first described by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist and it involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex and it focuses on involuntary and automatic behaviours. Whereas Operant conditioning was first described by B. F. Skinner, an American psychologist and it involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behaviour and focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviour.
Conditioning is structure of many parts, some of the most important ones been operant conditioning, positive and negative reinforcement, and reinforcement schedule. The few parts of conditioning that are mention are enough to influence a person's behavior. The term or word conditioning is used to describe the actual procedures that modify a desired performance, (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). Therefore, operant conditioning is used in behavioral psychology and is a method to learn behavior. Operant conditioning is a concept developed by behaviorist B.F. Skinner.
Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a technique of learning that happens through positive and negative reinforcements. Sometimes called instrumental conditioning, a correlation is made between a behavior and the reward or consequence that follows the behavior. The reinforcement is a factor in whether same behavior will happen again or not. Burrhus Frederic Skinner, better known as B.F. Skinner is known for his approach or view of operant conditioning. Skinner liked Watson’s ideas regarding human behaviorism.
Operant Conditioning is a theory based by B.F. Skinner. Operant Conditioning is the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form behavior. Edward L. Thorndike in 1898 developed “the law of effect” through his study of learning behavior in cats. According to him learning was an association between the stimuli in a situation and a response made by the animal to it. This relationship between behavior and its consequences is the law of effect.
Introduction: Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of experience. It also includes, Classical conditioning that is a learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus through repeated pairing with that stimulus. On there hand, Instrumental Conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through (operant) instrumental conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. For example, Skinnerian conditioning as a behaviorist, Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior.