Pavlov designed an investigation which was tested on dogs to investigate their digestive system. Pavlov monitored their digestive system by attaching the dogs to a harness this monitored their stomach and mouth which could measure the production of saliva. Pavlov discovered in his experiment that the dogs salivate when an assistant walks in with a bowl of food therefore without tasted the food when they look at it they begin to salivate. Food led to response of salivation, Pavlov discovered that salvation is automatic therefore it’s not learned he named this response as
Classical conditioning refers to the process of learning through association. This involves an animal or a human learning to associate something new with something that naturally causes a response eventually making the new thing cause the same response itself. A key example found within psychology for the process of classical conditioning would be that of Pavlov’s dog experiment. Pavlov was initially doing experiments on dogs and salivating and noticed that when the dogs heard his footsteps, they begin to salivate involuntarily. This is due to them learning to associate the sound of Pavlov’s footstep with food.
In this experiment, the unconditioned stimulus is the dog food as it produces an unconditioned response, saliva. The conditioned stimulus is the ringing bell and it produces a conditioned response of the dogs producing saliva. Thus we can see that such repetition and pairing influences significantly on behavior. Later another experiment by Watson and Rayner showed that this classical conditioning theory is equally applicable for us human. In his experiment he used Little Albert a 9-month-old infant.
The scenario will be explained and a chart will be complied that will demonstrate how classical conditioning applies to this scenario. Classical Conditioning Theory Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is the founder of the classical conditioning theory. Pavlov, a Russian psychologist was studying the secretion of stomach acids and salivation of dogs when they were presented with different kinds and different amounts of food (Feldman, 2010). While doing so, Pavlov noticed that the amount of salivation would often increase when the dogs had not eaten any food. The mere presence of the person who supplied the food or the footsteps of that person would stimulate the dogs and more stomach acid would be produced (Feldman, 2010).
Then a scenario will be use to explain an example of classical conditioning. In the 20th century, Ivan Pavlov had unexpectedly come across the philosophy of classical conditioning, when he was researching his dogs’ digestion system. During his research he realized that the dogs tend to salivate to the sight of food, so then he paired the food with a bell to see if the
Phobias are learned through elements of classical conditioning, and addictions can be learned and strengthened through elements of operant conditioning. Distinguishing between Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning, the first type of learning to be systematically studied, is defined as a procedure by which a previously neutral stimulus come to elicit a response after it is paired with a stimulus that automatically elicits that response (Kowalski, 2009). Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, documented and developed the concept of classical conditioning in an experiment he conducted in which he conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus, a bell, is paired with a stimulus, dog food. The dog food is a stimulus that produces a response naturally.
Assignment 1: Asses the 6 psychological perspectives Explain and assess all 6 of the psychological perspectives you have learnt. Behaviourist – Ivan Pavlov conducted an experiment called ‘Classical Conditioning’. At first, the Russian physiologist was working on an investigation of a dog’s digestive system, and the amount of salvation levels towards food. He had the dog in a harness, and a test tube under the dog’s mouth to collect the saliva. However, every time the dog saw the experimenter, the dog had already started to salivate before it came close to eating the food; this was unusual.
This theory has since been used to explain behavior especially in relation to depression , addiction , low esteem as well as abusive relationships .Origin In some of their experiments with dogs Martin E .P . Seligman and other scientists stumbled upon a “strange ‘ phenomenon . They were experimenting with dogs in tests akin to those carried by Pavlov this time they sought to understand if fear had anything to do with learning . They restrained a dog in a hammock and subjected it to harmless electric shocks after a specific sound . They sought to discover whether the dog could be conditioned to display signs of fear after the sound .They then put the same dog in a situation where it could escape from the pain with the expectation
One of the remarkable discoveries of Pavlov was he discovered classical conditioning using example of dogs which is still being passed on through generations. While Pavlov was studying digestion in dogs he pointed out that the dogs would start to salivate whenever an assistant came into the room. Pavlov and his assistant presented edible and non-edible items and measure the amount of saliva produced due to a certain object. He discovered that salivation occurs automatically in response to a certain stimulus and is not under a conscious control. Pavlov noted that salivation only occurred in the absence of food and smell, and knew that salivary response was not automatic but a physiological response.
Human behavior is from learning based theories, and originated through one simple idea that all human behaviors are attained through conditioning. This is known in psychology as behaviorism. Conditioning is something that occurs through humans interacting with their surrounding environment. Although this is not all there is to behavior in the psychology world, but this is an underlining principle that shows the connection to human behavior and social influences. Human nature adapts to the world around, and when addressing the question how does human behavior change based on social situations, many different examples from my own personal experiences come to mind.