International Ocean Transportation and International Air Transportation

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Table of Contents Introduction 1 Types of Service 2 General procedures 3 Freight Tariffs 4 Bill of Lading 5 Air waybill 9 Advantages and Disadvantages 10 Conclusion 11 References 13 Introduction Among the numerous transport modes, two are specifically concerned with international trade: ocean and air transportation. For trade with nonadjacent partners, nearly all merchandise trade moves via ocean and air modes. Bulk commodities like oil and petroleum products, iron ore, coal, and grains are shipped almost exclusively via ocean cargo. Bulk cargoes constitute the majority of international trade when measured in terms of weight, but are a much smaller and shrinking share of trade when measured in value terms. Manufactured goods are the largest and most rapidly growing portion of world trade. Because the heaviest goods travel via ocean, weight-based data on international trade significantly understate the economic importance of air shipping. Ocean transport has been the most important mode of transport in international trade. Two-thirds of the world total volume and over 80% of China's imports and exports now are transported by sea. In the world today there are over 1 000 airlines, over 30 000 civil airports (1 000 of them suitable for international flight), and over 7 000 jet aircrafts. Air transport ships 1% of the total world trade in volume, 20%-30% in value and it is increasing at a rate of 7%-8% per year. This paper examines major differences between international ocean transportation and air transportation. Types of Service International Ocean Transportation Ocean transport of dry (non-oil) cargo consists of two distinct markets: tramp and liner shipping. Liner Service – is a service that operates within a schedule and has a fixed port rotation with published dates of calls at the advertised ports. A liner service generally

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