Therefore republicanism called for thriftiness, simplicity and plainness in all things, be it fashion or food. Only by closely adhering to republican values could men guard against greed and corruption within others and within themselves. The second set and opposing political idea being birthed at this time was the idea of Liberalism. Whereas republican liberty had a civic and social responsibility, liberalism focused on privacy and the rights of the individual. It defined itself as striving to maximize individual liberty through a democratic system of rights under law.
The first group of documents shows the intellectual thought behind the creation of the revolutionary calendar and the reasons for its adoption. A report of grievances in 1789, shows how the though of the calendar came to be. The document asks for the number of religious holidays to be reduced and uses disadvantages of idleness as an excuse (Document 1). Gilbert Romme, head of the calendar reform committee, speaks of the cons of the Church calendar. In his speech before the National Convention, he claims the Church calendar to debase nations and persuades people that a new calendar is a must for every Frenchman.
Be it resolved that John Locke’s Theory is stronger and better than that of Thomas Hobbes, on the basis of man’s ‘state of nature’; social contract and ‘the right of rebellion’. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were opposing philosophers from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries during the time of enlightenment. Their viewpoints are important in explaining differences in the mind and the way people infer human behaviour in a natural state. Locke believed that all men are born with freedom, equality, and independence. All men have the right to be free and by forming a social contract, a nation can be brought together.
Unlike the previous countries, France viewed reason as their end and their ‘new truth’. Thus, France’s attitude on ‘latitudinarian’ is one of disdain. Under the reign of ‘reason’, the French began to overthrow their society rather than make reasonable improvements. There were constant rebellions and overthrow of powers, which led to the Reign of Terror. Conclusion: Although the 3 revolutions were
How Does Candide Reflect The Enlightenment? Emerging in the late seventeenth century and climaxing about century later, the hero’s of the Enlightenment age demanded for a revolution. One of these Enlightenment hero’s, by the name of Francois Marie Arouet, was a key ingredient to the rebellion against the norm and did his attacking not with a sword or shield, but with a pen. Going by the later name of "Voltaire" while he was incarcerated in prison, Francois wrote one of his most famous works of his life time, Candide. Francois’ Candide, bashed the Christian power among many other things and was seen as a major contributor to the idealists of the Enlightenment.
America was just starting out as a new country, and their foreign policy was not yet strong enough to protect itself. The Alien and Sedition Acts helped to limit foreign influence by encouraging deportation of foreigners from America. Some worried America faced not only a powerful enemy abroad, but also a threatening undercurrent of opposition at home. Hoping to strengthen the nation during war, and at the same time crush their political rivals, the Federalist Party in power passed these four acts. Deep divisions in politics combined with distrust in foreign nations and growing domestic turmoil paved the way for the passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts by the Federalists.
Charles's proFrench policies led to a Catholic scare. Catholic James II violated the Test Act by giving government and university jobs to Catholics. Fear of a Catholic monarchy led to the expulsion of James II and the Glorious Revolution. The triumph of England's Parliament: constitutional monarchy and cabinet government The "Glorious Revolution" expelled James II, installed William and Mary on the throne, and ended the divineright
Napoleon Bonaparte changed the world’s culture, spreading French revolutionary ideas throughout his empire. He created a book of laws (Le Code Napoleon), which gave France its first structured set of modern rules. The emperor also granted the people of his empire, freedom of religion, allowing everyone to believe in what they choose to be true. Finally the males of his empire were given equal rights allowing any male the right to gain wealth and power whether they are rich or poor. Napoleon Bonaparte improved culture in France setting the foundation for change in Europe, creating Frances first structured set of laws, allowing freedom of religion in his empire, and finally breaking the boundary that divided the social classes.
Political agitation was fast gaining momentum. Parliaments and courts were replaced by revolutionary tribunals. Thomas Paine’s famous Rights of Man was reissued in Dublin in 1791. Paine passionately denounced aristocracy and religious discrimination while praising the French Revolution. Tone had already come to realise that the demand for parliamentary reform without the granting of civil liberties to Catholics was meaningless, and he was disgusted by the failure of the Volunteers to take up the cause of Catholic emancipation.
Why Democracy? Preserving Human Right: Democracies attempted to preserve individual freedom and to promise equality of opportunity. The U.S. Declaration of Independence expressed the belief that “all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” The declarations added that the people may change or abolish the government if it interferes with those rights. People once thought that the greatest obstacles to individual freedom and equality were political.