The deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label." – Howard Becker, 1963. Labeling theory has its roots in Emile Durkheims studies into suicide where he expressed the view that deviance and crime is not so much about a specific violation of a penal code but more of an act that differs exceptionally from the social norm. Many people are labeled deviant even if they have not broken a specific law or even committed a crime. Society generally labels an individual as deviant if they differ from the social norms in appearance or behavior.
Role of Victimology Victimology in its most simple form is the study of the victim or victims of a particular offender. It is defined as "the thorough study and analysis of victim characteristics" (Turvey, 1999) and may also be called "victim profiling" (Holmes, 1996). In essence criminal profilers are studying the harm the victim endured during the crime, plus its physical and emotional aspects. Victimologists are people who are in essence investigators, researchers, and observers of the victimized persons and their connection to the crime (Karmen, 2007). Holmes & Holmes (2009, p290) stated “To appraise a crime without some knowledge of the victim is certainly remiss.” The victim constitutes half of the crime therefore victimology should be heavily looked at in order to connect them to the offender (Douglas, Burgess, Burgess, & Ressler, 1992).Victimology is important to an investigation process in that, it is not just learning about the victim’s personal history and personality, but it also why the victim was chosen (Petherick, 2010).
Introduction Secondary victimisation is where the victims of crime are treated with disrespect and have had their basic human rights ignored. In certain instances, this secondary victimisation can be far more traumatic to the victim than the initial crime. Not only can the secondary victimisation be due to the treatment by criminal justice officials, but also by the victim’s family, friends or community. Secondary victimisation in the court process Secondary victimisation refers to behaviours and attitudes of social service providers that are "victim-blaming" and insensitive, and which traumatise victims of violence who are being served by these agencies. A victim of rape (primary victimisation), for example, may be subjected to victim blaming and ostracism as the result of the attack; those who become disabled (primary victimisation) may be subjected to non-accommodation, medicalization, and segregation; and those who develop mental disorder (primary victimisation) may be subject to institutionalisation, that in each case may be far more victimising to these individuals and limiting of their life opportunity than the primary victimising stigmatic condition itself, and are thus called secondary victimisation.
In it’s simplest definition, victimology is the study of the victim or victims of a particular offender (Wallace & Roberson 2011: 3). However, two other definitions expound deeper into victimology: (1) victimology is the study of crime victims and the psychological effects of being a victim (Def, Random House Dictionary, 2011), and (2) victimology is the study of the ways in which the behavior of crime victims may have or have not contributed to their victimization (Def, Merriam-Webster, 2011). The early works about victims were first written by criminologist, as early as the mid 1700’s. The term victimology was coined by Beniamin Mendelsohn in 1974 (Dussich, 2000). Several criminologist (Hentig, Mendelsohn and Ellenberger) examined victim-offender interactions and stressed reciprocal influences and role reversals.
Running head: THE PSYCHOPATHY CHECKLIST-REVISED The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised Cindi Osowski Walden University Abstract Scientists and clinicians understanding of psychopathy remains questionable due to the fact that antisocial personality disorder has very similar criteria as those first postulated by Cleckley in 1941. Since psychopathy, however, has not been identified by the DSM-IV as a psychiatric disorder, its assessment requires a separate tool. The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) was originally designed by Dr. Robert Hare in 1980 and again in 1991. The test contains 20 items used to rate symptoms that are considered psychopathic in forensic populations like prisons. With much of the past research focusing on those with criminal records, new research has come to examine and include psychopathic personality traits of persons in non forensic settings.
Even though stats say something else, the media automatically portrays the teenagers as the bad guy. Eighty five percent of the murders are done by adults. With titles such as “children having sex” and “killer kids” it is clearly shows why such abuses are the key factors in violence, pregnancy, drug abuse and suicide among teenagers. ) This shows that what people assume to be reality, may in fact be incorrect. But these assumptions again are based off of what society
Juvenile Justice Paper 1 10/17/12 Society deems those who commit crimes as undesirable. Whether it’s a white–collar crime such as fraud, or a violent homicide, if convicted, they’ll pay a fine, get treatment, or be removed from the rest of society to pay their debt. Crimes are committed by people of all ages, races, ethnic backgrounds, and religions. Age plays a very crucial role in how the rest of the procedures play out. Sure a middle-aged man convicted of murder will be tried as an adult, but there are those who commit the same crime that are still juveniles.
There are some situations where women are the perpetrators of the abuse and men are the victims, but usually clinicians only see women seeking treatment for abuse. The US Department of Justice estimates that women are up to eight times more likely than men to be victimized by an intimate partner. Nurses play a very important role in identifying and treating the victims of intimate partner violence. Intimate partner violence is summarily defined as an ongoing pattern of domination and control perpetrated against an intimate partner through a culmination of physical violence, sexual assault, and/or psychological abuse. The abuser’s ultimate goal is to establish control over their victims.
(pg10 ch1) The first person to apply the principals of forensic science was Edmond Locard, he began in the attic of the Lyons police department. Several years later he became the founder and director of the Institute of Criminalistic at the University of Lyons, this the quickly developed into a leading international place for forensic science. (pg11ch1) This principal is that when two object come in contact with each other there is cross contamination. He believed that when there is something carried from a crime scene the criminal can be connected to the crime. (pg 11 ch 1) The instrument that Dr. Walter C. McCrone used was the Microscope.
Victims can also play an indirect role in a criminal incident, such as when a woman adopts a lifestyle that continually brings her into high-crime areas (Siegel 2011). The discovery that victims play an important role in the crime process has prompted the scientific study of victims, or victimology. Criminologists who focus their attention on crime victims refer to themselves as victimologists(Siegel 2011). Victimization’s Toll on Society The costs of victimization can include such things as damaged property, pain and suffering to victims, and the involvement of the police and other agencies of the justice system. The pain and suffering inflicted on an individual can result in the need for medical care, the loss of wages from not being able to go to work, and reduced quality of life from debilitating injuries and /or fear of being victimized again, which can result in not being able to go to work, long term medical care, and counseling.