The Australian parliamentary system is based of the British Westminster system, which was adopted in the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK), known as the Commonwealth Constitution. The Commonwealth Constitution established the Commonwealth Parliament and outlined its law- making powers. The Bicameral System The Commonwealth and state parliaments operate on a bicameral system, which means two houses: an upper and lower house. Queensland and the territories are exceptions to this rule and only have one house each. At federal level the upper house is the Senate and the lower house is the By Jack Morris House of Representatives.
This principle is a result of the election of the Members of Parliament (MPs), by the electorate which gives them authority to represent and pass legislation on their behalf. Parliament being able to make laws on any matter can be traced back to the Bill of Rights 1689 where it was said that the monarch alone could not pass or repeal laws without Parliament's consent. Parliament is also free to modify its own makeup and authority. This is confirmed in the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 which removed the veto powers of the House of Lords and the Life Peerages Act 1958 which apart from giving the Prime Minister flexibility to modify the composition of the House of Lords introduced female peers into the hereditary and male dominated second chamber. Therefore, parliament is still sovereign because it can make or unmake any law it wishes.
The most common method of ratification is the three-fourths vote of the state legislatures. When the people prefer a change, Congress passes the amendment and the state legislatures vote to ratify. "Congressional proposal of the amendment is by a two-thirds majority vote in both houses. State ratification is by three-fourths majority" (Mount, 2006). The other ratification method is by convention that involves an entirely different body from the legislature.
Do you see cause for state-central government conflict in this article? How? * When there is disagreement over the powers of federal and state governments ARTICLE VII: The Ratification Process: 1. How is the Constitution ratified? * By the vote of 9 states VOCABULARY FOR THE CONSTITUTION: ♦ Enumerated powers: powers specifically delegated to the federal government in Article 1, Section 8 ♦ Delegated powers: same as enumerated ♦ Implied powers: those necessary to carry out the tasks/powers expressly delegated to the government; “necessary and proper” ♦ Advice and consent: refers to the role of the Senate in confirming presidential appointments and ratifying treaties ♦ Writ of habeas corpus: can’t be held in jail/detained without charges against ♦ Bill of attainder: law that singles out individual or group for punishment without trial ♦ Naturalization: granting citizenship ♦ Pocket veto: President not returning a bill to Congress during the 10 day time from before Congress adjourns ♦ Ex post facto: after the fact; retroactive law THE FIRST 10 AMENDMENTS: THE BILL OF RIGHTS: * First: no gov’t est.
How effectively does Congress fulfil its constitutional roles? To start of this essay we must first understand what the role of Congress actually is? The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. It is the law-maker which is the primary and most important function of the legislature. It is through laws that policies of government are laid down for implementation.
Liberalism was drawn from the age of enlightenment in which many religious restrictions were broken in order for meritocracy to strive which allowed individuals to strive on their own basis. The main party that stands for liberalism within Britain is the Liberal Democrat party which is lead by Nick Clegg however parties such as Labour and the Conservatives have strong relations with Liberalism which is evident through their leadership style and manifesto proposals. One of the most leading styles of modern liberalism that is displayed in British politics at current times is the development of the welfare state which provides people with education and healthcare but also provides benefits for those who are unable to work for various reasons. The welfare state was originally introduced in 1911 as a result of a range of reforms due to investigation in to the living conditions of ordinary British citizens. The national insurance act was enacted by David Lloyd George and the liberal party and it meant that contributions were made to assist those who were unemployed or unable to work.
Firstly, legal sovereignty should be distinguished from political sovereignty. The former refers to the unrestricted legislative power of Parliament that this essay is primarily concerned with, while the latter refers to unlimited political power – this power lies in the electorate in democracies. Secondly, it is important to note that Parliament’s legislative supremacy lies only in the primary legislation borne out of the agreement of the three bodies, namely the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Queen. Hence, it can be said that ‘whatever the Queen-in-Parliament
It explained how the three branches of government, how they affected the states, and how the articles could be fixed (amended). Though it was made to highlight how the government should be run, it was left widely open to interpretation. Article one. This is the lengthiest article in the constitution, but it talks about the legislative power in the senate and the House of Representatives. It details congress, states its specific powers (enumerated or delegates), and what powers its denied to the states.
The Australian Capital Territory was declared on the first of January 1911 and became a self governing territory in 1989. It was Sir Walter Gurley Griffin who designed Canberra. In 1901, through the federation of the 6 states under a single constitution, the commonwealth of Australia was formed. Edmond Barton became Prime Minister and Lord Hopetoun became governor-general. One of the first acts of the new Commonwealth Parliament was to pass the immigration restriction act, which restricted migration to people of primarily European
At a glance it is obvious that a major part of UK democracy is parliamentary democracy as this is our chosen form of government, having the houses of parliament which consist of the house of commons and the house of lords. In the UK we have the government which is drawn from parliament as well as the monarchy who are now concerned primarily with ceremonial roles within governing the country. However it is key to note that although the monarchy does have a part in the governing of the UK it is not elected and so this damages the argument of the UK being fully democratic. However the majority of parliament is elected at least. In the UK parliament all members of the house of commons are elected in free and fair elections by their local