In 1941 N.E Miller and associate J. Dollard proposed that one could learn a behavior by observing that behavior in others. They called this theory social learning. The social learning theory of Miller and Dollard also stated that “by imitating these observed actions the individual observer would solidify that learned action and would be rewarded with positive reinforcement.”(Green) Loosely translated this means that if we ape the actions of those around us they will reward us for such actions. In 1954 Julian Rotter broke away from the then popular instinct based psychoanalysis and drive based behaviorism theories. Rotter believed that a psychological theory should have a psychological motivational principal, and that people were motivated to seek out positive reinforcement or stimulus and to avoid the negative of either.
Robert Kegan was born on 1946; the Harvard psychologist first described his theory on social maturity in his 1982 book, The Evolving Self. This book contains the theory of how people become more socially mature as they get older. Kegan’s theory of adult cognitive development contains some of the same principles as Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. When studying Kegan’s theory it is important to understand Piaget because as Mark Dombeck writes “the core ideas from Kegan's work are essentially Piaget's ideas which have been reworked, broadened and abstracted, and applied to the social realm” (Dombeck, 2007). As we move through developmental stages we become more subjective and less objective.
According to humanist psychologist Abraham Maslow, our actions are motivated in order achieve certain needs. Maslow first introduced his concept of a hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" and his subsequent book Motivation and Personality. This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. This hierarchy is most often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top of the pyramid.
Compare and contrast the work of Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth on understanding attachment. Within attachment theory, attachment is an affectional bond or tie between an individual and an attachment figure. The theory of attachment was first introduced into psychology by the eminent psychologist John Bowlby in the 1940’s and 1950’s. Both Harlow and Ainsworth’s research was a direct result of previous attachment studies by Bowlby. His findings into attachment radically challenged the prevalent behaviourist theory of Watson of learned infant attachment in response to constant stimuli and the psychoanalytical theory of Freud that attachment was based on biological needs or ‘cupboard love’ theories as unreliable.
Outline one psychometric theory and one information processing theory of intelligence The psychometric approach to intelligence assumes that intelligence can be measure and focuses on different methods of measuring intelligence and personality. Theories of intelligence can be divided into three models: uni-factorial models, hierarchical models and multi-factorial models. The informational processing theory of intelligence emphasises different cognitive components used to engage when solving problems. This was developed by Sternberg’s triarchic theory, and is known to be the more cognitive approach and in contrast with the biological psychometric theory. One theory to the psychometric theory is the multi-factorial model, this suggests that intelligence is composed of a range of abilities and highlight the role of environmental factors.
I will do this by talking about the history of the test, relative research and findings, and the future of the test. I. Purpose and History of the SAT After World Word 1 a Princeton University psychologist by the name of Carl Brigham thought of the idea of creating an aptitude test after partaking in the creation of the Army IQ test, now known as the ASVAB. The acronym SAT stands for Scholastic Aptitude Test and was first purposed as a standardized way of measuring mental ability. The first SAT was given in June 1926 and administered by the College Board who still runs the test today.
In order to evaluate the above claim it is first necessary to look at the historical context from which it emerged, and the basic premise on which its theories rest, before looking at how this model effects change in the client, and then considering whether this approach is enough to achieve results in all types of client problems. Person-Centred Therapy (PCT) is one of the humanistic models of therapeutic practice that emerged from the 1940’s to the 1960’s, developed as a ‘third force’: an alternative to the prevailing models of psychoanalysis (Freud, Jung, Eriksson and Adler) on the one hand, and behaviourism (Watson, Pavlov and Skinner) on the other. Behaviourism and Psychoanalysis are almost polar opposites in theory. Psychoanalysis is based on the theory that everything humans do is completely controlled by the unconscious mind at some level, whereas behaviourism is based on the theory that almost every human emotion is conditioned by habit and can be learned or unlearned. However both are deterministic in their approaches, both in effect reduce the client to an aspect of their life or personality (behaviourism focused on reinforcement of stimulus-response behaviour; psychoanalysis on unconscious irrational and instinctive forces determining human thought and behaviour) and both tended to use directive approaches by the therapist to resolving the problem issues.
Because of science one now can measure these processes and quantify them so that cognitive psychologist may use behavioral observation to measure damage, mental processes and mental states. Because of cognitive science, cognitive psychologist are able to see just what is going on within a person’s brain and make the most educated guess on how he or she should be treated because of their behavior (Van Wagner, 2009). Behavior of individuals can be observed and watched, measured and tested, and a conclusion can be made from behavior on whether or not cognitive psychology is the best treatment for the individual. Even though cognitive psychology arose in response to behaviorism, this does not mean that behavior is not important for the
From this assumption, the development of numerous models is to provide various ways to study personality and consider factors for application on various settings. One example of an assessment model is the Myers Biggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The purpose of this approach is to categorize individuals according to the different personality types provided by psychologists Carl Jung (Business Balls.com, 2006). Among key indicators considered in this evaluation consider behavioral preferences and careful understanding of personal strengths and weaknesses. The component of this method is the ability to pair specific traits that comprise of (1) extraversion or introversion, (2) sensing or intuition, (3) thinking or feeling, and (4) judging or perceiving (Engler,
Perception The Role Perception Plays in Decision Making Tracey Redmann Axia College of University of Phoenix Perception 2 What is perception? Before looking at the role perception plays in the decision making process one should have a clear understanding of what perception is. According to Oxford Reference Online Premium (2009), perception is: The faculty of acquiring sensory experience. Study of the processes by which we gather and interpret visual information is largely the province of social psychologists, who have identified several general principles (‘laws’) of perception, and also some effects upon it of (among other things) motivation and attention. The former includes the phenomenon of the ‘figure-ground contrast’; that is, how we perceive objects distinctly from their surroundings.