Level 2 Describe key elements of Psychodynamic, Humanistic and Cognitive behaviour approaches of counselling. Psychodynamic approach This therapy originates from the work of Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) which believes that personality is greatly influenced by the unconscious mind and childhood experiences. His theory also believes that the personality is made up of three parts: id (instinctual drives, needs and urges), ego (intermediates between id and real world), superego (internal authority, morals, ideals). This type of therapy tends to be long term and considers the therapist as the expert to the patient (not client). Key aspects of psycho dynamic therapy are dream interpretation and transference that is when feelings from previous significant relationships are projected on to the therapist.
The author will examine the limitations and restrictions of CBT in the wider principles of mental healthcare provision and consider how the application of CBT within the practice of Mental Health Nursing can influence the possible future development and advancement, of new nursing models/concepts of nursing practice, in particular the author will examine the impact of CBT with the recovery process. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy was founded by Aaron Beck in the late 1960’s and is based on the concept of irrational cognitive processes which have been learned and maintained through enforcement. Beck describes cognitive therapy as ‘…. An active, directive, time-limited, structured approach used to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders (for example, depression, anxiety, phobias, pain problems (Beck et al 1976). The cognitive model assumes that clients have a negative view of themselves, their environment and the future.
Each theory has their own similarities and differences which includes strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, it is ideal for a professional counselor to explore, and implement, many theories in his or her career. Adlerian Theory Key Concepts Adlerian Theory was developed by Alfred Adler who shared the same ideas as Freud but eventually concluded that Freud's concepts were too deterministic and limited. Adler eventually established his own theory of human development and psychotherapy, which he called Individual Psychology. Alfred Adler believed that understanding people grew from knowledge of their goals and drives, their family constellations, their social contexts, and their styles of life.
Introduction In this essay I will compare and contrast person-centred and existential counselling with family therapy. In so doing, I will, in effect, explore the natural dividing line between biological/psychological approaches that are both intrapersonal and humanistic (focussed on individual human potentiality), and an alternative interpersonal therapy that is concerned with influencing the behaviour of individual members of a family towards it and the individual’s better functioning. I will show that the main difference lies in the type of components that make up the theoretical construct on which the approaches are based, that these were derived in a context that is less relevant now, and that they determine the specific approach to therapy in practice. Taking the approaches in turn, I will then show that, given the individual-systemic divide, both the humanistic and the family therapy endeavours are similar in that they attempt to promote change in the overall organisation of either the individual or the family by changing the structural components. I will show that the goal of change in all the therapies is coherence, ‘a congruent interdependence in functioning whereby all the aspects of the system fit together’ (Browne, 2013) without distortions and whereby the person can make sense of his or her world.
Psychoanalytical theories of personality stress the individual’s unconscious motivations which can be identified through dreams, slips of the tongue and fantasies (McCrae & Costa, 2003; 21). “The psychoanalytical theory views personality as biologically based, relatively unchangeable and determined by the need to control sexual and aggressive instincts which are unconscious in nature” (Rust & Golombok, 1989, 131). Sigmund Freud was the founder of the psychoanalytical approach to personality although many academics have expounded on his research since then (Bernstein, 2001; 125). This contrasts with the humanistic theory which was adopted by leading 20th Century psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow (Nicholas, 2008; 226). Robert Ewen suggests that
PHILOSOPHICAL PRINCIPLES & KEY CONCEPTS Aaron T. Beck developed his approach known as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy as a result of his work and observations with depressed clients. C.B.T. is based on fundamental assumptions that our thoughts can and do determine how we feel and behave in relation to events in our everyday lives and our environment. Beck contends that psychological problems or dysfunctional behaviour can occur as a result of faulty or distorted thinking and through engaging and employing C.B.T. techniques we can change or modify the way we think, to cause us to feel and act better even if our external situations and events do not change.
They decide what they will talk about and the therapist facilities what comes up in the room. The client decides on the length, course and the subject of the therapy. The humanistic theory developed in the 1950’s and their major theorists are Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Fritz Perls, Rollo May and it is called the third force. On one hand Freud’s theory believed that primary forces like sexual tendencies are determining the human behaviour. Whilst the Humanistic theory is that individuals are motivated to realise their potential.
Two of the earliest forms of Cognitive behavioral Therapy were Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s, and Cognitive Therapy, developed by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s. Cognitive Therapy Assumptions: • Abnormal behavior is caused by abnormal thinking processes • We interact with the world through our mental representation of it • If our mental representations are inaccurate or our ways of reasoning are inadequate then our emotions and behavior may become disordered The cognitive therapist teaches clients how to identify distorted cognitions through a process of evaluation. The clients learn to discriminate between their own thoughts and reality. They learn the influence that cognition has on their feelings, and they are taught to recognize observe and monitor their own thoughts. The behavior part of the therapy involves setting
Compare and contrast the ways in which the psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioural approaches to counselling and make use of the counselling relationship This essay will consider the psychodynamic and cognitive behavioural approaches to counselling and how each approach uses the counselling relationship. It will compare and contrast the ways that each method uses. It will first consider the theoretical understanding of the counselling relationship of the two approaches, it will then considering the way that this relationship is then used within counselling. The psychodynamic approach to counselling places most importance on using the relationship between the counsellor and the client to explore and consider the emotions and feelings that are creating a difficulty in the client’s present situation (McLeod, p.90). The psychodynamic approach evolved from psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud, who considered that people’s behaviours are influenced by their motives or dynamics.
Compare and Contrast the Person Centred Model with one other Humanistic Approach, examining differences and similarities between the two approaches. Introduction Through this assignment I hope to demonstrate my understanding of the key concepts of the Person Centred Approach to counselling, its influences, strengths and weakness and how this theory compares and contrasts to the Humanistic approach of Gestalt Therapy. The Person Centred Model was an approach first devised by Carl Rogers during the 1950’s. He was the main driving force behind the changes proposing that the therapeutic relationship should be a warmer experience. Stating that the client was the expert and recognising that their condition improved when the counselling relationship was conducted on an even keel.