Social-Cognitive Learning Theory: From Miller to Bandura and Beyond The Social-Cognitive learning theory is based off a collaboration of many psychologists work and ideas, it is based on the concepts that we learn (and gain our personalities) by watching how others react to their environment. The original concept originated from psychologists N.E Miller and J. Dollard in the early 1940’s. In the mid 1950’s American psychologist Julian Rotter drifted from the theories of psychoanalysis and behaviourism and wrote on social learning theories. In the 1960’s a Canadian psychologist, Albert Bandura, expanded on theories and became the leading architect of social cognitive theory (Santrock, 2011, p. 27). In 1941 N.E Miller and associate J. Dollard proposed that one could learn a behavior by observing that behavior in others.
Meichenbaum’s (1977) had state within the learning theory outline clients cognition are clear and understandable behaviors that can be modified in their own rights. Albert Ellis’s (REBT) is that people contribute to their own psychological therapy by the way of understanding the event. REBT therapy is use with the intention of cognitive, emotions, and behaviors, which it give-and-take relationship Ellis also encourage the clients to do the thing that they are afraid of. Such as claiming a mountain is you are afraid of heights, or getting involve with people if the individual is fearful of getting involve. This is the contradicting of Jung.
By establishing differences between psychiatry and psychology,how counselling and psychotherapy emerged from these disciplines becomes clearer.Psychiatry relates to the process of healing the mind through medical intervention.Psychology has its roots within academic study and research of human and animal perception.Psychoanalysis is ‘interested in exploration of the unconscious mind in order to cure’. [psychoanalysis-techniques]From Freud,,the seeds of contemporary counselling and psychotherapy practice were sown.The journey to it’s current position is neither rigid or fixed within it’s application of ideas.Perhaps becoming more apparent by viewing current practice as originating from the same tree root but realizing itself as different branches inevitably intertwining and overlapping.The position of many of the originators of psychotherapeutic theories were within psychology Nelson-Jones[2006]and their ideas permeated through to counselling and psychotherapy and discussed as follows: From my research I established the view that there are three main schools of thought.The psychodynamic;the humanistic-existential and the cognitive-behavioural schools.For the
Abstract This research paper recognizes Cogitative Behavioral Therapy as one of the major schools of psychological therapy. According to Dr Greg Mulhauser (2011), CBT assist clients experiencing psychological distress to uncover and modify perceptions leading to various distress disorders. CBT brings awareness to surface allowing clients to link various events causing their life’s downward spiral. While treatment surfaces awareness aids in the process of preventing relapses clients not interested in receiving court-ordered treatment, CBT and Reality Therapy provides them with tools to make valid decisions. Treatments utilized by counseling professionals such as CBT allows clients to be aware of various events causing their life’s spiral; uninterested clients with court-ordered treatment must make a valid decision for their success while rationalizing personal biases of treatment.
Describe how the cognitive approach has been applied to RET The cognitive approach believes that we are information processors. Our thinking and the way we process and interpret events can affect our behaviour particularly our mood. Therefore rational emotional therapy is linked to the approach because its attempts to change the way an individual interprets and thinks about certain events. Ret was devised by albert ellis in the 1950’s. it tries to tackle mustabatory thinking (the thinking that you must be good at everything and like by everyone) by trying to make the patient think more rationally about situations.
I am going to explore the core conditions that Carl Rogers uses in his theory of person centred counselling. There are three core conditions: congruence, empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard. These conditions are what Carl Rogers believed are the skills a counsellor needs in order to be able to support the client in their process of healing themselves. I am then going to use my own experiences to discuss why I feel that only using the person technique, for certain clients, may not be sufficient to make the progress they require on an emotional level. On the other hand I am going to discuss how learning the person centred approach has affected my personal and work life in a positive way.
Abstract An ideal form of the therapeutic process for individual counseling is comprised of techniques and theories taken from the Psychodynamic Approach, Cognitive-Behavioral Approach, Person-Centered Approach and behavior modification techniques that are found in Operant Conditioning. These individual counseling techniques were chosen based on how effective and relevant to the client, they were deemed to be. Techniques taken from the psychodynamic approach is to allow the client to become conscious of all unconscious or subconscious concerns through the use of transference and working alliance. Techniques taken from the cognitive-behavioral approach is to help the client identify any irrational beliefs and thinking that is the cause of the client’s emotional disturbance. In the person centered approach, the therapy focuses on an important human characteristic - the client’s natural ability for growth and development, through the use of self actualization.
As it focuses on conscious experiences it is able to help a person have a healthy transition from reactionary behaviours to thoughtful actions. It reflects the clients feelings back to them. Psychodynamic theory The psychodynamic approach was founded by psychologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis was the original psychodynamic theory but the psychodynamic approach as a whole is based upon theories from his ideas. These came from Jung, Erikson and Adler.
Beck's approach became known for its effective treatment of depression. CBT works by focusing how you think about yourself, the world and other people - how what you do affects your thoughts and feelings. CBT can help you to change how you think (cognitive) and your actions (behaviour), it works in the here and now problems, and not the causes of your distress. CBT has been proven to work well with anxiety, depression, panic, phobias and post traumatic stress. CBT may use group sessions of therapy as can PCT, CBT helps you look at the problem as a whole but break it down into smaller more manageable parts.
behavior therapy ________________ A Paper Presented to Dr. Valerie L. Richards Western Seminary San Jose ________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course CNS 504 S; Psychotherapeutic Systems ________________ By Zhixiang (Justin) Pan. Box 072 November 18, 2005 Introduction Behavior therapy, like its name might imply, is the psychotherapy that focuses on the change or improvement of behavior rather than the healing of the heart or the mind— As Jan Ehrenwald called it “Psychotherapy without a Psyche” (Ehrenwald, 1976). Although its main focus is on the behavior only, however, in its clinical approach, behavior therapy has been used to treat variety of disorders such as anxiety disorders,