Ap Biology Chapter 9

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QUESTION 1 A. Definition of terms: 1. Plasmid -An extra chromosomal genetic element that is not essential for growth and has no extracellular form. 2. Chemolithotroph - An organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds. 3. Methanotroph – prokaryotes that are able to metabolize methane as their only source of Carbon and energy. 4. Primer - A short length of DNA or RNA used to initiate synthesis of a new DNA strand. 5. Thermocyler- laboratory apparatus used to amplify segments of DNA via the polymerase chain reaction process. 6. Resolution -In microbiology, the ability to distinguish two objects as distinct and separate under the microscope. 7. Vector- an organism that does not cause disease itself but which…show more content…
STEPS OF CLONING 1. Isolation of the Donor Nucleus The nucleus of an animal cell contains the genetic material that serves as the blueprint for that animal. In the first step of cloning, scientists puncture the cell membrane with a tiny needle and syringe and use suction to extract the cell nucleus through the needle. 2. Harvest of Egg Cells For mammals, which are the animals that scientists most commonly clone, egg cells are microscopic. Scientists gather these cells from adult females. Since the success rate for animal cloning is still very low, they need many of these egg cells. All egg cells used in this step are haploid, meaning they have not been fertilized with sperm. They thus contain only half of the genetic material common to the animal's cells and have not yet undergone any development. 3. Removal of Egg's Nucleus As the genetic material that is present in the egg cells is not what scientists want the cloned animal to have, and as having multiple nuclei in the same cell can cause many problems for the cloning process, scientists must extract the egg cell's nucleus. They do this through a method similar to the method used to isolate the donor cell's nucleus, only they discard the egg's

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