Each of these is converted in a number of steps to pyruvate (another 3-carbon sugar), a process that releases some energy, and a hydrogen atom, which is transferred for use in the respiratory chain by the co-enzyme NAD. The Pyruvate molecules then diffuse into the mitochondrial matrices within the cell. They are then converted to acetyl co-enzyme A (a two-carbon compound) with a Carbon Dioxide (CO2) molecule and a Hydrogen atom (taken up by co-enzyme NAD again) given off. Acetyl Co-enzyme A then enters the Krebs cycle. In this metabolic cycle the 2-carbon acetyl compound dissociates from the co-enzyme A and is converted into a 4-carbon oxaloacetate compound, which in turn is converted into a 6-carbon citrate compound.
2nd step: The second step consist of the start point of glycogenesis and it’s a reversible reaction which transform the Glucose -6P to Glucose -1P. The enzymes responsible from this reaction is the Phosphoglucomutase. Glucose -6P Glucose -1P The phosphoglucomutase catalyze the reaction by moving a functional group, here it’s a phosphate group. 3rd step: The third step consist to transform the Glucose -1P to UDP-Glucose. The enzyme responsible is UDP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase and this reaction consumes UTP.
Here it’s broken down back into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Chemical energy is released from the phosphate bond and used by the cell, ATPase catalyses this reaction. The ADP and inorganic phosphate are recycled and the process starts again. Key words Phosphorylation – adding phosphate to a molecule e.g ADP is phosphorylated to ATP Photophosphorylation – adding a phosphate molecule using light Photolysis – the splitting of a molecule using light energy Hydrolysis – the splitting of
Deficiency of the enzyme lactase (common in adult mammals) prevents cleavage of the glycosidic link in lactose during digestion. Instead, anaerobic bacteria in the large intestine ferment this sugar, producing gas, abdominal discomfort and bloating. What gas is formed and what metabolic byproduct(s) also are released into the large intestine? b) Briefly describe the differences between the polysaccharides….. i) amylopectin and glycogen ii) amylose and chitin 2. (10 points) The catabolic cycle called glycolysis is the most universal energy-producing metabolic pathway for organisms that live on or near the earth’s surface.
In this experiment we used 30% glucose. Glycolysis requires enzymes which degrade glucose to lactic acid. Alcoholic fermentation follows the same enzymactic paathway for the first couple steps. The enzymes of glycolysis , lactate dehydrogenase, that is replaced by some more enzymes in alcoholic fermentation. These enzymes, pyruvate decarboxylase, convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and ethanol in the alcohol fermentation process.
* When CO2 and RuBP combine a 6-Carbon intermediate is formed. This 6-Carbon molecule immediately splits to form two 3-Carbon molecules known as glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) * Using ATP and NADPH2 GP is reduced to form triose phosphate (TP). The NADPH2 returns to its original form (NADP) to be reduced again in the light-dependent reaction. * The TP can either be converted into organic
The resulting dextrose from the starch is then fermented into ethanol with the aid of yeast which produces carbon dioxide. Yeast is a microorganism that produces ethanol. These microorganisms are capable of converting sugars into alcohol by a biological process called fermentation. In hydrolysis the starch is ground and mixed with water to produce a
Digestive enzymes are hydrolytic enzymes. Their substances, or the molecules on which they act are organic food molecules which they breakdown by adding water to the molecular bonds, thus cleaving the bonds between the subunits or monomers. Digestive enzymes can function outside the body cells; their activity can be studied by test tubes (Marieb and Mitchell 2010). This experiment attempts to re-create the breakdown process that is normally done via digestion with Iodine as a vital component. It can be expected that once amylase reacts with the starch, maltose will then be broken down and less starch will be visible and more sugar will be apparent thus causing the solution mixed with iodine to become lighter and lighter.
4. Chlorine, Cl 2, is a strong oxidizing agent found in bleach. 10.0 cm3 of bleach solution was added to 25.0 cm3 of 0.4M Sn2+ solution acidified with sulphuric acid and made up to 100 cm3. 10.0 cm3 of the resulting solution containing the unreacted Sn2+ was titrated against 0.02M K2Cr2O7. Given that 11.40 cm3 of K2Cr2O7 was required for complete oxidation, a) Calculate the numbers of moles of Cr2O7- used.
Storage Lipids Pages: 346-358 Difficulty: 2 Ans: E Which of the following molecules or substances contain, or are derived from, fatty acids? A) Beeswax B) Prostaglandins C) Sphingolipids D) Triacylglycerols E) All of the above contain or are derived from fatty acids. 3. Storage Lipids Page: 349 Difficulty: 2 Ans: B Biological waxes are all: A) trimesters of glycerol and palmitic acid. B) esters of single fatty acids with long-chain alcohols.