The focus of this essay is on peer-peer and sibling-sibling interaction in regards to the different contexts in which these relationships take place. The developmental implications of such interactions will also be considered. Peer and sibling relationships differ in terms of the balance of knowledge and power (Littleton et al, 2005). Schaffer (2003) has conceptualised two terms for the differentiation of interactions in regards to knowledge and power. Complementary interactions 'provide children with security and protection and enables them to gain knowledge and acquire skills' (Schaffer cited in Littleton et al, 2005).
Describe and evaluate the social learning theory. Refer to evidence in your answer. The social learning theory believes the our behaviour is learnt through our environmement, and that it is the people around us that teach us our behaviour. Social learning theorist believe that behaviour is learnt in steps and that factors including reinforcement, motivation as well as mediating cognitive factors, effect whether the behaviour is repeated or not. Firstly, the child observes a model displaying a certain behaviour.
Course: Psychology of Personality Draft paper on: "Comparative analysis of basic approaches to understanding human personality: Psychodynamic theories, Behavioral and Cognitive models, and Phenomenologcial perspective" Personality development has been a major topic of interest for some of the most prominent thinkers in psychology. Our personalities make us unique, but how does personality develop? How exactly do we become who we are today? In order to answer this question, many prominent theorists developed theories to describe various steps and stages that occur on the road of personality development. The following theories focus on various aspects of personality development, including cognitive, social and moral development.
Bronfenbrenner imagined the immediate environment to have structures such as family, school, neighborhood, peer group, childcare, and is the immediate environment in which a person is operating. The interaction of these structures with the child affects their growth, whereby an encouraging and nurturing environment enhances better growth while a strenuous environment negatively affects growth. Within the immediate environment the child also plays a significant part where their interactions with others in the systems determine their reactions to the child. The settings within, which the individual directly interacts and with the most immediate and direct impact on a child's biological and psychological development. The Microsystems is described as the closest layer to the child and contain the structures with which the child has direct contact.
A part of Piaget’s theory of learning and thinking involves the participation of the child, who must construct and reconstruct knowledge. He claims that for a child to know and construct knowledge of the world, the child must act on objects. This action provides knowledge of those objects. Piaget’s technique to learning is known as a readiness approach. Readiness approach in developmental psychology states that children
To understand how children’s behaviour can be influenced by environmental context or situation, and to be able to explain individual differences. This understanding can provide professionals with an understanding of human growth to explain why people behave as they do, to better understand their situation and to guide their practice. There are many influences that can shape a developing child and the outcome for an individual throughout and beyond their lives. Some are within the child,
In examining the impact of adversity we are measuring against what constitutes children’s needs and well-being. Children’s well-being is founded in a holistic view, acknowledging the significance of supporting the whole child. This holistic approach toward children seeks to simultaneously address the physical, emotional, and psychological aspects of a child’s life. However, whilst a general consensus on children’s needs and well-being is attainable, notions of the child and childhood differ across culture, time and place, whereby concepts of appropriate education, work and play are rooted in cultures and societies, as Woodhead et al, (2003, p.2) discuss. Adversity refers to circumstances or incidents, which fail to meet the required needs of the child, endanger their well-being or infringe upon their rights.
(1) Outline any two theories of child development and discuss how they contribute to your understanding of the developing child. This essay will outline two theories of child development, and focus on how they contribute to understanding the developing child. * The process of emotional development is underpinned by attachment theory (Bowlby ’69 ’73’ ’80 ’88a’88b) Bowlby argued that the propensity to make strong emotional bonds to particular adults is a basic component of human nature and is instinctive * Describe changes within areas of behaviour (e.g. language or socialisation) Describe changes in the relationships between areas of behaviour (e.g. language and socialisation) Explain the course of development according to these descriptions That is, a theory must account for the transitions from one point in development to another and must identify causal variables affecting transition * Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment.
Compare and contrast Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of cognitive development in children? Cognitive development is the progress of our skills as learners, also involved the process of thinking as well as mental activity for example attention, and problem solving. The cognitive development explains how individuals obtain and build up knowledge of themselves and their world. Jean Piaget was first to proposed the theory of cognitive development. Approach towards the theory of cognitive development was carryout by many others psychologist including lev vygotsky.
The nature theory goes further in describing in more detail that intelligence, aggression, and even personality are also in an individual’s DNA. Some scientists believe people act out what they see, as far as their behavior, and everyday life, others believe that people behave in certain ways because of how they are taught, which is a learned behavior. The balance of nature and nurture, in influencing how a child grows up varies depending on where they live. Researchers are now studying the effects of a person’s environment, and how strong certain environmental factors are determining each characteristic. The study is showing the surrounding in which a child is brought up may have different changes on specific biological processes in the body.