Teratology - Cocaine

919 Words4 Pages
Cocaine use During Pregnancy and Related Outcomes Cocaine is a tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. It is acts mainly on the central nervous system as a stimulant by reducing the uptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. As well as being used recreationally, cocaine and cocaine derivatives are used for medicinal purposes. Cocaine is commonly used as a local anaesthetic (for nasal surgeries for example). It is also a powerful vasoconstrictor and as such in some cases it can be used to reduce the amount of bleeding to areas. (Brian and Coward, 1989). Although it is known that coca leaves were used throughout the Incan empire, it was first popularized in the USA and Europe in the late 1800s (Brian and Coward, 1989). By 1912 the harmful effects of cocaine were realized and it was made illegal in the united states; many European countries followed. Cocaine again became popular in the 1970s however, due to its expense it was limited to only the wealthy in the population. In the late 1980s and 1990s a new form of smokable cocaine, “crack” cocaine, was manufactured. In this form cocaine was cheap, abundant, and highly addictive. This created a firestorm of cocaine use among users who were pregnant women. Cocaine at that time affected 300 000 to 400 000 newborns in the united states alone in the 1990s (Schoenwolf et al, 2009). The problem still persists however. In some major cities in the united states, as many as 20% of babies are born to mothers who abuse cocaine (Preece and Edward, 2011). There are many ways in which abuse of cocaine can negatively impact an embryo and fetus during its development. One difficulty with researching this specific population is the ability to isolate cocaine as the sole teratogen. This is because many women who abuse cocaine throughout their pregnancy also are abusing

More about Teratology - Cocaine

Open Document