[these require focused attention?] This led to the development of two-process theories; which suggest that automatic and controlled processes operate simultaneously, so that tasks are “automatically” carried [could be considered more of a continuum?] Kahneman (1973, as cited in Edgar, 2007) suggested that there is a central processor within the brain which is of limited capacity and that some information cannot be processed. [there is too much input from our senses to be able to cope with] Kahneman explained how the brain acts as a physical filter and defined attention as mental effort; limited resources being allocated
Cerebral Lateralization Field Study Abstract: The study addressed the cerebral lateralization between the use of the two hemispheres of the brain, left and right. The two hemispheres of the brain are specialized to process different types of cognitive tasks. Each hemisphere has its own independent stream of consciousness so the hemispheres have different modes of thinking (Weiten). This connection states that when the left hemisphere of the brain is stimulated, the human subject’s eyes would go to the right, as the brain’s left hemisphere controls the movement of the right side of the body. Furthermore, the right hemisphere controls the physical movement of the left side of the body, including but not limited to eye movement.
Its purpose is to organize the information received from the other components with information about time and order. [+]Cohen et al- higher brain activity in part of the brain known as the prefrontal cortex during a task where the central executive was working. This supports WMM as it proves the existence of central executive through biological evidence. [+]Farah et al- patient LH and found that he was capable of visual tasks but was not capable of spatial tasks. This supports the WMM as it suggests that the VSSP consists of two stores, something that is also
Kahneman (as cited in Edgar, 2007) explains it in the limited capacity theory of attention. According to it, “the brain contains limited-capacity central processor responsible for analyzing incoming information and integrating it to information already held in memory” (Edgar, 2007, pp.11). Thus, when a person tries to do many things at once interference can occur if those things compete for the same pool of resources. However, Macleod (as cited in Edgar, 2007) showed that it is possible to do two things at once without interference. In his study, participants had to carry out a visual and an auditory task and respond to them by saying ‘bip’.
Combining across the word and non-word lists, greater activation was seen for the three items compared to one item memory load condition in the left medial frontal area, the anterior cingulate gyrus, the left thalamus and the left insula. The interaction contrast revealed that the difference in activation between the one and three-item lists was greater for words than non-words in the left middle temporal gyrus and the left temporo-parietal gyrus. These authors hypothesized that their failure to find activation in the supramarginal gyrus may have occurred because their greatest memory load (three items) was not sufficiently
Indirect Realism- There is objection to direct realism, by studies done on perception and psychological processes realists have distinguished between external objects as the causes and objects of perceiving and closed sensa which is the functions of our brain. The form of this view has been named representative realism. This view as well, has its own defecits, and has also been criticized by philosophers. This view has been modernized to introduce a more acceptable theory on perception. Representative Realism, “seeing a table.” The actions involved in seeing this object both through the brain processes is derived from the sensa and that we are directly aware of our senses, which form together what we know as the shape, size, color and other properties that we visualize.
Additionally, people are said to prefer one type of thinking over the other. For example, a person who is "left-brained" is often said to be more logical, analytical and objective, while a person who is "right-brained" is said to be more intuitive, thoughtful and subjective. While Sperry was able to observe people’s different personalities, he also could see which functions lied in which halves. When he cut the corpus collosum in an attempt to reduce seizures in patients, he noticed that they could not name objects directly in front of them. This led to years of experiments which gave Sperry a reliable theory on which functions lie in which hemispheres.
Visual literacy is the images that we see with our eyes, when a person first looks as something their eyes send it to the retina and then to the brain to process as Kennedy described in his video. Kennedy also shows the process by hand jester in the video. Whereas the text book shows us with pictures of the same process that Kennedy tells us about, pictures make a big difference in understand how the process actually works. . Kennedy then goes on to say that visual literacy is the ability to construct meaning from images.
------------------------------------------------- Theory of multiple intelligences The theory of multiple intelligences was proposed by Howard Gardner in 1983 as a model of intelligence that differentiates intelligence into various specific (primarily sensory) modalities, rather than seeing it as dominated by a single general ability. Gardner argues that there is a wide range of cognitive abilities, and that there are only very weak correlations between these. For example, the theory predicts that a child who learns to multiply easily is not necessarily generally more intelligent than a child who has more difficulty on this task. The child who takes more time to master simple multiplication 1) may best learn to multiply through a different approach, 2) may excel in a field outside of mathematics, or 3) may even be looking at and understand the multiplication process at a fundamentally deeper level, or perhaps as an entirely different process. Such a fundamentally deeper understanding can result in what looks like slowness and can hide a mathematical intelligence potentially higher than that of a child who quickly memorizes the multiplication table despite a less detailed understanding of the process of multiplication.
He is opposed to the idea of the separation of the senses. He argues for more of an integrated body that uses multiple senses as a means to better understand the world. Pallasmaa quotes the psychologist James J Gibson who defines the senses as “as aggressively seeking mechanisms rather than mere passive receivers.” The senses are actively searching for constant interaction and understanding of this world. He writes “Instead of the five detached senses, Gibson categorizes the senses in five sensory systems: visual system, auditory system, the taste-smell system, the basic-orienting system and the haptic system. “[1] He even writes about theories that argue for 12 systems, though he doesn’t explore this topic at large.