Social Cultural Factors

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Cultural Factors Most of the people who have been raised in the United States or who have lived there for a long time share a common knowledge base of American history, culture, and beliefs (Long & Spiegel-Podnecky, 1998). Various aspects of this common knowledge are often referenced in speech, literature, television, movies, and other media. Some cultural references are so common that people who were raised in the United States do not have to think very much about them and can instantly comprehend and follow along with what is being discussed. Incorporating cultural factors into ESL education will provide students with knowledge of important or common cultural aspects of the United States which will in turn enable them to understand conversations and text more easily (ERIC Clearinghouse on Language and Linguistics, 2000). There are many aspects of the history and culture of the United States which are often referenced in speech or text. For example, in the last four years the phrase "9-11" has been heard and used quite often by English speakers in the United States. The phrase refers to the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001. This date is very significant in American history and culture and Americans can easily understand what is being referred to when someone speaks about "9-11." People who have just moved to the United States and are learning to speak English will probably not understand this reference right away (Leung, 2005). Similarly, a person who has moved to Spain and is learning Spanish might not comprehend that "11-M" is the phrase used to refer to the terrorist attacks that occurred in Madrid on March 11, 2004. Other cultural references which might come up in text or conversation would be things like Christopher Columbus, George Washington, Sesame Street, Thanksgiving, Halloween, and other aspects. The teaching of
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