There are more complications in diagnosing adolescents with schizophrenia. Some of the same symptoms used to diagnose schizophrenia are also common for other mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder and depression (Tossell, 2003). Therefore misdiagnosis is fairly common further pointing out that ruling out other possible disorders is extremely
A frontal lobotomy is a form of psychosurgery. It consists of cutting the connections to and from, or simply destroying, the prefrontal cortex. This brain region has been concerned in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression and moderating correct social behavior. These procedures often result in major personality changes. Lobotomies have been used in the past to treat a wide range of mental illnesses including schizophrenia, clinical depression, and various anxiety disorders.
CBT 3 Cognitive behavioral therapy is generally psychotherapy and behavioral therapy combined. Psychotherapy expresses the importance of personal meaning and our thinking patterns which begin in the stage of childhood. Cognitive behavioral therapy also known as CBT is a short term psychotherapy treatment that uses a concrete approach to problem solving. Its goal is the change the process of thinking for people with difficulties and in bad situation and their behavior with is associated with distress. CBT is
A key part of the prognosis of any disorder or disease is early detection; known risk factors help provide an avenue for early diagnosis and treatment, and therefore an improved prognosis. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is a behavioral issue that is well-represented by its name. In the general population, there is a balance between a person’s activity level and his/her ability to concentrate. In a person with ADHD, this relationship is not well-balanced. ADHD is a disorder most common in children, and requires that the symptoms be present by age seven in order to qualify for a diagnosis (Amer.
Jordaan (2013) explains that psychosis refers to a cluster of symptoms, among these disruptions in moods, thoughts, perception, language and behaviour. Jordaan goes on to say that Schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder with psychosis being the primary and central set of symptoms, although not all symptoms present in all people. These symptoms can be categorised as positive (active symptoms) and negative symptoms (absence or decline of normal functions) (Jordaan,
A problem of the diagnosis of schizophrenia known as co-morbidity this is when the symptoms of schizophrenia overlap with many other disorders, such as, depression and bipolar disorder. This is a problem because the patient may be misdiagnosed and given the wrong type of treatment which will not cure the symptoms they have and may cause another type of illness. This can be solved by multiple diagnosis this will also improve the inter rater reliability. Reliability is the extent in to which two or more medical specialists have consistent results in their diagnosis. The validity externally is very difficult as there are cultural barriers, as psychiatrists from different cultures interpret symptoms differently resulting in people being diagnosed schizophrenia in one culture but not in another.
Discuss psychological explanations of schizophrenia There are many different psychological approaches towards explaining schizophrenia which suggests that the development of schizophrenia is due to psychological factors rather than biological factors. One psychological approach to schizophrenia is the behavioural approach. Behavourists argue that schizophrenia is learnt through operant conditioning. This means that someone may do something that gets a positive reaction or reward from others which then encourages the person to repeat the behaviour and consequently reinforce that behaviour. For a schizophrenic this suggests that their behaviour is a consequence of faulty learning.
The explanation suggests that the primary caregiver is responsible for helping the infant overcome its anxieties and if the care is inadequate then a child will not develop a proper sense of self. Therefore during adolescence when threats to the self occur the symptoms of schizophrenia begin to develop. However, the psychodynamic explanation to schizophrenia has many problems, for example: Freud claimed that schizophrenia is caused by over-whelming anxiety and is a defence mechanism involving regression into an early stage of development. Freud suggested that one of the positive symptoms of the disorder, hallucinations are the ego’s attempt to restore contact with reality. However there isn’t any research evidence to support Freud’s theory and psychoanalysis is not an effective treatment for schizophrenia suggesting that the psychodynamic theory does not explain the causes of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia & Other Psychotic Disorders: Schizophrenia, Delusional Disorder, brief Psychosis, Schizo-affective Disorder & Shared Psychotic Disorder. SchizophreniaSchizophrenia is a psychotic illness which can affect people in variety of ways, there is no evidence as yet why one develops the illness. Studies suggest there can be a combination of factors which can trigger the illness. It is agreed by health professionals that schizophrenia is most likely caused by a combination of factors, which can include the following: Dopamine is one of the chemicals that carry messages between brain cells and if there is too much Dopamine it can be a factor of one developing the illness. Genetic can play a big part in someone developing the illness as they are more vulnerable to the illness.
Schizophrenia is a mental illness which is characterised by both positive symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations and disordered thinking, and negative symptoms such as a loss of normal emotional responses, speech and motivation. There are a range of treatments from biological to psychological treatments such as chemotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Antipsychotics were originally developed to calm patients facing surgery, and they proved highly effective in reducing the incidence of death from surgical shock. Chlorpromazine and related phenothiazines were soon used in psychiatric patients, starting in the early 1950s. They revolutionised psychiatry by allowing the most disturbed schizophrenic patients live outside a psychiatric hospital, or reduce their average length of stay.