Assignment 1: Asses the 6 psychological perspectives Explain and assess all 6 of the psychological perspectives you have learnt. Behaviourist – Ivan Pavlov conducted an experiment called ‘Classical Conditioning’. At first, the Russian physiologist was working on an investigation of a dog’s digestive system, and the amount of salvation levels towards food. He had the dog in a harness, and a test tube under the dog’s mouth to collect the saliva. However, every time the dog saw the experimenter, the dog had already started to salivate before it came close to eating the food; this was unusual.
Explain how Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner contributed to the study of learning and conditioning. To understand the relationship that classical and operant condition has you must first understand what they are to see how they work together. Classical conditioning is the processes that take creating an association between what is going on within ones environment. This includes items that are found naturally as stimulus and something that can be considered neutral. The most famous example of this is thanks to Ivan Pavlov.
Pavlov’s experiment involved putting meat powder in the mouths of dogs who had tubes inserted into various organs to measure bodily responses. He then discovered that the dogs began
The scenario will be explained and a chart will be complied that will demonstrate how classical conditioning applies to this scenario. Classical Conditioning Theory Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is the founder of the classical conditioning theory. Pavlov, a Russian psychologist was studying the secretion of stomach acids and salivation of dogs when they were presented with different kinds and different amounts of food (Feldman, 2010). While doing so, Pavlov noticed that the amount of salivation would often increase when the dogs had not eaten any food. The mere presence of the person who supplied the food or the footsteps of that person would stimulate the dogs and more stomach acid would be produced (Feldman, 2010).
Then a scenario will be use to explain an example of classical conditioning. In the 20th century, Ivan Pavlov had unexpectedly come across the philosophy of classical conditioning, when he was researching his dogs’ digestion system. During his research he realized that the dogs tend to salivate to the sight of food, so then he paired the food with a bell to see if the
Pavlov experimented classical conditioning by experimenting with dogs. Pavlov rang a bell every time he would feed the dogs. After repeating this experiment a few times, every time he would ring the bell the dogs will start salivating. This results in the food being the unconditioned stimulus, the dog salivating is the unconditioned response, the bell being rang is the conditioned stimulus, and the dog salivating is the conditioned response. By this experiment Pavlov preformed, physiologists began to realize that classical conditioning can occur during peoples every day lives.
But Mr. Pollan thinks that this is not true. We can enjoy all kinds of food, provided that we eat them in moderation. This brings us to the second advice. “Not too much” means that we should control the amount of food that we eat, except for plants, which is the third advice. In the chapter “Eat right, get fatter”, Mr. Pollan explains that because nutritionism frames “dietary advice in terms of good and bad nutrients, and by burying the recommendation that we should eat less of any particular actual food, it was easy for the take-home message of the 1977 and 1982 dietary guidelines to be simplified as follows: Eat more low-fat foods.” (Pollan, page 51) This means that people are encouraged to eat more food that are considered to be good, like carbohydrates, and eat less
Building on the earlier work of Thorndike, B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) began to elaborate and extend Thorndike’s ideas on learned behavior. Skinner differentiated between what he termed respondent (or reflexive) behavior, and learned (or operant) behavior. Operant behavior could be characterized by “the observable effects it has on the environment. Operant conditioning, therefore, is learning in which the probability of a response is changed by a chance in its environment (PM, n.d.).” Reinforcement and Punishment Two concepts important to an understanding of operant conditioning are reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcers and punishment are specific types of consequences.
Animal testing is a very controversial issue today. It can also be referred to as vivisection, which literally means the cutting up of living animals. Philosopher Aristotle is one of the first to have experimented on animals in the 4th century. Testing started out in the medical field but later spread to other fields such as cosmetics, food, and science. In 1890 a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov, demonstrated ‘classical conditioning’ on dogs.
Conditioning is structure of many parts, some of the most important ones been operant conditioning, positive and negative reinforcement, and reinforcement schedule. The few parts of conditioning that are mention are enough to influence a person's behavior. The term or word conditioning is used to describe the actual procedures that modify a desired performance, (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). Therefore, operant conditioning is used in behavioral psychology and is a method to learn behavior. Operant conditioning is a concept developed by behaviorist B.F. Skinner.