In this essay Freud sets out his theory of psychosexual development. He asserts that there is in all humans an innate drive or instinct for pleasure, a sort of psychic energy, which he calls the libido and this energy needs to be discharged. He then goes on to describe how this drive finds outlet at the earliest stages of life, as babies, toddlers and infants and describes the oral, anal and phallic stages and the psychological effects of fixation at these stages. It is important to note that Freud separated sexual aims and objectives. His work on sexuality and perversions led to the wider theory of sexuality whereby he differentiated the sexual aim (the desire for pleasure) and the object (the person or thing used to fulfil the desire).
The second stage is the anal stage which Freud believed there is an enjoyment in the anus and in the movement of feces through the anal canal (Cervone, & Pervin, 2010). The third stage is called the phallacy stage which an individual finds tension and excitation on the genitals (Cervone, & Pervin, 2010). During the latency stage, aperson becomes less focused on sexual urges (Cervone, & Pervin, 2010). Sexual urges combined with the onset of puberty begins the genital stage (Cervone, & Pervin, 2010). Freud believed that there were three levels of awareness (Cervone, & Pervin, 2010).
The next stage is Anal Stage which begins from the age one to three years old primary focuses on the libido in which the child learns how to control their bladder and bodily fluids. Success at this stage is dependent because once children start toilet training. Freud suggested that when parent should reward a child when using toilet and not punish child when they have an accident. Phallic Stage comes after this when the child is three to six years of age. This stage is when the primary goes from the libido area to the genitals.
Outline and evaluate the psychodynamic approach to abnormality The psychodynamic approach assumes that experiences in our earliest years can affect our emotions, attitudes and behaviour in later years without us being aware that it is happening. Freud suggested the mind or psyche has three parts: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious. Freud suggested that individuals can never be aware of the contents of the unconscious. Freud argued that childhood experiences play a crucial part in adult development, including the development of adult personality. Every child must pass through the so-called psycho-sexual stages; how a child experiences these stages plays a crucial role in the development of his/her personality.
It is a generalised concept that if the cause of the symptoms were tackled it would only be logical that the symptoms would then cease. The Psychodynamic theory assumes the personality is split into three parts, the id (most primitive, instinctive part we have from birth), the ego (logical, balances out the id and superego) and the superego or moral part of our personality. These areas influence our behaviour as well as the defence mechanisms of the ego, and the psychosexual stages of development. Defence mechanisms are used
Hormones are thought to play a significant role in manipulating behavior and the mental process because they are involved in various mental disorders as a resulting in interacting with the nervous system. In conclusion, much theory and research have been placed on identifying the major schools of psychology and the underlining assumptions linked to biological factors of behavior. In the beginning stages of psychological research, psychology first began as an establishment of science separate from biology and philosophy. Within those complex findings began the debate in relation to the schools of thought and behavior in the human
Sigmund Freud differed from B.F. Skinner in terms of approaching human behavior. Sigmund Freud was a psychodynamic psychologist. His idea about human behavior and development shows that behavior throughout life is motivated by inner, unconscious forces, stemming from childhood, over which people have little control. He focused on the realm of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression. He created the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for curing the mind ailment-psychopathology.
Sigmund Freud explains the psychodynamic perspective by consisting of 5 stages in human’s lives; the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. The oral stage takes place between birth and 18 months. Dahmer was most likely only cared for and tended by the minimum it takes for a baby to survive. Being completely helpless and dependent, Dahmer probably wasn’t exposed to comfort or love by his mother. The third stage of the psychodynamic perspective is the phallic stage.
Outline and evaluate the psychodynamic approach to abnormality The psychodynamic approach states that abnormality is a result of childhood conflict. It states that unresolved childhood conflict can become repressed and can appear as abnormal behaviour. According to Freud, the personality consists of the ID, the superego and the ego. An over-developed super-ego can result in anxiety. The psychodynamic approach also includes psychosexual stages which occur at different times during a child’s development.
3)The superego which is is the third element and last to emerge at around the age of 5. The superego works to try to make the ego behave morally, rather than realistically and to suppress the urges of the id. Freud also believed here were 5 stages of psychosexual development, the oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital that all children go through, and that these stages determined the behaviors the child would display as adults. So if a child experienced sexual frustration in relation to any psychosexual developmental stage, s/he would experience anxiety that would follow them on into adulthood as mental disorder. Pyschodynamic therapy looks back into a clients past gaining an