A. III and IV B. IV only C. II and IV D. III only 2. Which formula(s) describe an alkane? A. III only B. V only C. I and V D. none of the above 3. Which formula(s) describe an alkene? A. I only B. V only C. I and V D. III only 4.
Absorption of nutrients occurs mainly from the a) liver b) colon c) stomach d) small intestine 15. Prolactin is produced by the a) ovary b) adrenal gland c) anterior pituitary gland d) posterior pituitary gland 22. The beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans secrete a) insulin b) amylase c) glucagon d) histamine 16. Dyspnoea is breathing that is a) fast b) noisy c) shallow d) difficult 23. 17.
Carboxylic acid to ketone, formation of acetal Which involves nitrile? R-MgX, H3O+, formation of cyanohydrin Which involve lithium? * Dithiane to Ketone (BuLi) * Carboxylic Acid to Ketone (Li-R) * Gilman/Acid Chloride to Ketone (R2CuLi) * Acid Chloride to Aldehyde (LiAlH(O-t-Bu)3 * Reduction of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids (LAH) * Reduction of alcohol (TsCl, LAH) Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones Aldehydes and ketones have high bp but lower than alcohol Nomenclature: * Aldehyde: -al, as substituent: -formyl * Ketone: -one, as substituent: - oxo 0.9, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.5, * CH3, CH2, CH, COCH3, C---CH 3-4, 5-6, 1.7, 7.2, 2.3, * CH2X, C=CH2, C=CCH3, Ph-H, Ph-CH3 9-10, 10-12, 2-5, 4-7, 1.5 – 4 * Aldehyde, Carboxylic acid, R-OH, Ar-OH, R-NH2 O-H = 3300 N-H = 3300 C=O = 1700 C=C = 1660 IR Trends: * Ketones carbonyl frequencies are lower than aldehydes because conjugation * Conjugation lowers frequencies * Ring strain increases it HNMR trends: Ketone protons are lower than Aldehyde protons MS: * M+ peak is total * 15 = methyl * 29 = ethyl * 43 =
Rf = Ds/Df Ds = Distance traveled by the compound Df = Distance traveled by the solvent Materials: coffee filter, tape, isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol), water, 3 different color magic markers (not permanent); 3 identical tall, narrow drinking glasses; metric ruler, 3 pencils Pre-lab Questions: List one extensive and one intensive property of marker ink. Intensive - color Extensive - volume Define mixture. a substance made by mixing other substances together. Is tap water a heterogeneous or homogenous mixture? Explain your answer.
A) is neutralized by water B) is surrounded by water molecules C) reacts and forms a covalent bond to water D) aggregates with other molecules or ions to form a micelle in water Answer: B Page Ref: Section 3 11 9) Which would you expect to be most soluble in water? A) I B) II C) III D) IV Answer: A Page Ref: Section 3 10) Solutes diffuse more slowly in cytoplasm than in water because of A) the higher viscosity of water. B) the higher heat of vaporization of water. C) the presence of many crowded molecules in the cytoplasm. D) the absence of charged molecules inside cells.
RCH2G Primary R2CHG Secondary R3CG Tertiary. 4.7 Preparation of Alkyl Halides from Alcohols and Hydrogen Halides R-OH + H-X -> R-x +HOH “Alcohol” + “Hydrogen halide” -> “Alkyl halide” + “Water” The more primary the alcohol the more reactive, Primary=any halide Secondary=usually just Br with heat 4.8 Mechanism of the Reaction of Alcohols with Hydrogen Halides: Hammond’s Postulate Reaction of alcohol with hydrogen halide is a substitution Hydrogen Halide protenates Alcohol which then goes to H2O and the positive “alcohol” (no longer an alcohol since missing OH group) joins with the Halide Electrophile: electron loving Nucleophile: Nucleus seekers (extra electron pair) 4.9 Potential Energy Diagrams for Multistep Reactions: The SN1 Mechanism SN1 Mechanism: slow step is unimolecular 4.10 Structure, Bonding, and Stability of Carbocations Primary Carbocations do not exist in intermediates since too unstable (H3C)-C(H2) and (H3)-C are even more unstable. Secondary (H3C)2-C(H) are possible particularly with secondary alcohols with hydrogen
Also, we will discover its regiochemistry and stereochemistry. Hydration reaction is a process that gives a alcohol functional group and a hydrogen to a carbon-carbon double bond of an alkene. According to Markovnikov's rule the -OH group will be attached to the most substituted carbon which is a carbon connected to the most branches. As the result, in normal hydration reaction of (+)-α-Pinene, the -OH group will attach the carbon attaching to a methyl group. However, the desired product is (-)-Isopinocampheol, in which the -OH group need to attach to the less substituted carbon instead.
108. Two common sugars, glucose or C6H12O6, and sucrose or C12H22O11, are both carbohydrate4s. Their standard enthalpies of formation are: Glucose = -1273 kJ/mol and Sucrose = -2221 kJ/mol. Using this data: a) Calculate the molar enthalpy of combustion to CO2 (g) and H2O (l). b) Calculate the enthalpy of combustion per gram of each sugar.
Caffeine intake can affect metabolism, as well as most caffeinated beverages are manufactured with sugar containing products such as soda; this is true of alcohol- the caloric intake from alcohol also affects your blood glucose. 5. What type of assay was used to measure plasma glucose and ketone levels? Enzymatic analysis 6. What type of assay was used to measure plasma insulin and glucagon levels?
Fats- The fats are the compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are long chain fatty acids and glycerol. The main function of fats In the body Is to provide a steady source of energy. Fats containing saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature such as, ghee, butter, dalda etc. Fats containing unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature such as ground-nut oil, musturd oil etc, Proteins- The proteins are highly complex organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.