When Calvin had arrived in Geneva, the city was in complete religious and political turmoil and this allowed him to continue writing the Institutes of Christian Religion that he had started writing in Basle. In 1541, the Little Council passed Calvin’s Ecclesiastical Ordinances which was an organisational method that Calvin had proposed that had 4 different offices of the church and explained how each person was to be appointed. This was a very important part of Calvin’s ideas that lead the success of the Genevan reformation as it was a systematic structure that shared out the responsibilities of the church and had a great emphasis on the discipline and education. The Ordinances also brought a sense of community in the city as everyone had a responsibility in running the church and the commoners knew who to go to if there were any problems. Furthermore, this led to the success of the reformation as all the appointments were passed through the Little Council.
When the Hundred Years War broke out, both side decided to use their ability to tax the church granted to the kings by the church as a repayment for the crusades. When the church refused to pay France, they kidnapped Pope Boniface VIII. The Pope died soon after his rescue and the cardinals elected a French pope so as not to stir trouble again. But instead of moving to Rome, the new Pope Clement V stayed in Avignon. A new string of Popes would settle in Avignon for the next 70 years where the French kings were able to maintain a firm hold on the papacy.
In his speech before the National Convention, he claims the Church calendar to debase nations and persuades people that a new calendar is a must for every Frenchman. However, Romme is biased towards the production of a new calendar, clearly shown, because he is head of the calendar reform committee (Document 2). The “Institution Concerning the Era of the Republic and the Division of the Year” also supports the new calendar. This document not only looks at the calendar from an intellectual level, but also considers the economy. It claims a new calendar will soon be needed for commerce and the trades, and arts and history.
Do you agree with the view that the decisive influence in shaping the reformation of the 1530’s was Thomas Cromwell’s Idea of the Nation State? The reformation of the English Church and the break with Rome are arguably the most poignant moments in the Henry VIII’s rule. It marked the start of the nation state, and the Church of England. Although Henry played a vital role in the reformation there were others around him who also contributed towards it, and shaped it into what it became. Namely Cromwell and Cranmer played important roles, and overall I agree with the view that the decisive influence in shaping the reformation was Thomas Cromwell due to his closeness to the king and willingness to entirely devote his time and resources into the reformation.
The series of wars between the European Christians and the Muslims, which was called the crusades, made Europe more aware about art, math, technology, etc…. The period that followed the crusades was called the renaissance, which was a period o cultural and technological innovation. This was a huge difference from the previous which was called the dark ages because there was almost no cultural or technological innovation. Another change that occurred during this time was the protestant reformation. Martin Luther started this reformation by posting his 95 thesis to the door of the church.
This act of nailing his Thesis to the church door has become a symbolic defining moment of the birth of the Protestant Reformation. * In conclusion, Martin Luther was disillusioned with the Church of Rome because of the unbiblical behavior of church officials, the sale of indulgences, and the amount of power given by the Church to its hierarchy. Luther became a prominent theologian; his desire for people to feel closer to God led him to translate the Bible into the language of the people, radically changing the relationship between church leaders and their followers.
By 1531 the Schmalkaldic League was set up as a united defence alliance by protestant princes in response to Charles’s threat of eradicating Lutheranism. Despite the failure of the league itself in 1547, it is considered a success in the way that Lutheranism was now exclusively established and was growing ever more powerful, and could not be eradicated by a brute force. By the end of the Reformation in 1555 Lutheranism was finally recognised as a valid religion by Charles due to the previous treaty the Peace of Augsburg which was primarily a princely movement. The princes were significant in creating an atmosphere in which Lutheranism was successful in that they were able to respond well to Luther’s theological ideas. The German Princes established a national figurehead who they could look to for ideology and bravery to drive the Reformation.
Protestant Reformation The Protestant Reformation occurred during the 16th century in Europe. Martian Luther is widely considered the leader of this reformation. Luther questioned the Catholic Church by publishing the 95 Theses. The theses showed people another perspective regarding church operations. The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement that significantly the political and social spheres of Europe.
But this didn't stop the threats from coming. THe Ottoman Turks thought this was their time to try and overcome part of the empire. Through this process they defeated Charles' brother-in-law, overran mmost of Hungary, and even got to Vienna, until they driven back by force in 1529. In Germany, Charles decided to attempt to settle the Lutheran problem through the Diet of Augsburg in 1530. Where he ended up demanding that the Lutherans return to the Catholic Church in 1531.
Vol. 1 ‘The King’s majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England.’ With these words the Act of Supremacy of 1534 put a formal end to the medieval Church of England. It set aside the centuries-old concept of ecclesiastical and temporal administration sharing power as twin authorities, and established in England the Erastian church which has been so prominent a feature of the country ever since. In retrospect we can see the acts as an expression of nationalism which in the sixteenth century was growing rapidly in many parts of Europe. We can compare it with the eager way in which some contemporary German princes were adopting Lutheranism in order to govern the church within their boundaries, or with the later insistence of such outstanding Catholic kings as Philip II and Louis XIV that they should have effective control of the appointment of Spanish and French Bishops.