3) When an injury causes a blood vessel wall to break, platelets are activated. They change shape from round to spiny, stick to the broken vessel wall and each other, and begin to plug the break. They also interact with other blood proteins to form fibrin. Fibrin strands form a net that entraps more platelets and blood cells, producing a clot that plugs the break. The reactions that result in the formation of a blood clot are balanced by other reactions that stop the clotting process and dissolve clots after the blood vessel has healed.
C. I think that the component of the reflex arc that is most likely to be damaged in Nick’s situation is the integrating center because one of more regions within the CNS relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons, so the impulses are never reaching the motor neurons and effectors. D. The division of the autonomic nervous system that would be affected and causing Nick’s GI symptoms would be the parasympathetic division because it controls the interworking of the body. E. The autonomic nervous system controls blood pressure by sensing a rise or fall in the blood pumping in the veins, thus causing them to constrict or dilate as needed. F. The area of that brain that interacts with the autonomic nervous system during physical stress to initiate rapid heart and respiratory rates, elevated blood pressure, and profuse sweating is the prefrontal cortex. G. The autonomic receptors that regulate closing of sphincters and relaxation of organ walls are Adrenergic (Alpha 1) receptors.
ACTIVITY 2 Studying the Effect of Blood Viscosity on Blood Flow Rate 1. Describe the components in the blood that affect viscosity. The plasma, red and white blood cells, and platelets cause resistance as they travel through vessels. 2. Explain the effect that the viscosity change had on flow rate.
Cardiovascular system has three main functions: Transport of nutrients, oxygen and hormones to cells throughout our body and removal of metabolic wastes such as (carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes). Protections of the human body by while blood cells, antibodies and complement proteins that circulate in the blood and defend our body against foreign microbes and toxic. Clotting mechanisms are also present that protect the human body from blood loss after injuries. Regulation of body temperature, fluid pH and water content of
The breakdown of the membranes of these structures affect the function of the heart because the special calcium ATPase’s had stopped moving calcium from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum of his cardiac muscle cells. As the intracellular calcium levels rose, they caused proteases to spill into the interior of the cell, attacking the cytoskeleton. Lysosomal enzymes normally bound safely inside vesicles begin to digest the plasma membranes of the organelles. Question D: Two important pieces of information—The instructions Joseph’s body needs to repair itself and his predisposition for vascular disease—are both contained within the cell on which structures? His predisposition for vascular disease is held in the Mitochondrial DNA.
This will cause an action potential to spread down to the T- tubules and “electrical chemical signals = shocks” the sarcoplasmic reticulum into releasing calcium ions. Then the calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the sarcoplasm. 5. Calcium is restored/ reused in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Just as concentration results from the release of calcium ions stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, contraction ends and relaxation begins as Calcium is
RNA will help repair the cells. E. Joseph’s heart attack has caused the function of his cells to change. What types of proteins in the cell membrane were involved in the homeostatic imbalances of his heart cells? ATP needs oxygen in the cells, for energy, without the heart pumping; the oxygen is limited and or cut off. Homeostasis can shut down causing imbalance of water, pH balance and ionic equilibrium, all factors of homeostasis in individual cells.
As the chemical gradient diminished and heart tissue distal to the obstruction dies and it replaced by non contractile scar tissue. C. Which intracellular organelles have membranes as part of their structure? How would the breakdown of the membranes of these structures affect the function of Joseph’s heart cells? With ATPase’s transferring calcium from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle cells, every intracellular organelle has membranes. The breakdown of the membranes of these structures affects
Small blood cells called platelets then stick to the site of injury and spread along the surface of the blood vessel to stop the bleeding. They release chemical signals that attract other cells to the area and make them join together to form a platelet plug. On the surface of these activated platelets, many different clotting factors work together in a series of chemical reactions which is known as the coagulation cascade. Thin strands of a protein called fibrin form a mesh and trap blood cells and platelets to form a solid clot. There are a few conditions that have an effect on the clotting process.
Vascular volume (i.e., blood) includes the fluid in the heart and vascular system of the body. Extravascular volume is everything outside the vascular space and includes many fluids such as cellular, interstitial, and lymphatic fluids. For our discussion in this chapter, distribution is the reversible transfer of drug between the vascular space and the extravascular space. Drug can enter the vascular space by intravenous (IV) administration, or after absorption of drug administered by another route. The dynamic nature of drug distribution also means that drug concentrations in blood and tissues are constantly changing as drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted.