C6 H12 O6 = 2C3 H6 O3 + 2ATP (lactate) This is a structure of ATP ATP contains sugar which is Ribose, a base which is Adenine and three phosphate groups. Biological systems transfer the energy in glucose to ATP because unlike glucose ATP releases its energy instantly in a single reaction and also the hydrolysis of ATP releases a small amount of energy, ideal for fuelling reactions in the body. Glucose is obtained from food; we eat pasta which is a carbohydrate which is then broken down into glucose by the digestive system. The process which breaks this down is known as catabolism, this is the breakdown of food components, breaking down
* Cellulose as a source of chemicals – starch, another polymer of glucose, can be used as an alternative source for petrochemical products but there is more cellulose produced in plants than starch. Each glucose unit of cellulose has 6 carbons atoms joined together, a good starting point in making petrochemicals e.g. ethylene (2 C atoms). However, it is more difficult to break cellulose into glucose than starch due to the many hydrogen bonds in the long near-linear chains of cellulose forming compact fibres. There are two processes to break cellulose into
Glucose is split into two molecules called pyruvate and two ATP molecules are generated per molecule of glucose as well as two molecules of NADH. Also Glucose takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. Without oxygen it is called fermentation with oxygen it is the first stage of the cellular respiration. • What is the role of the citric acid cycle?
Describe the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates and the regulation of blood glucose Carbohydrate is a polymer made up of monomers called glucose. There are two types of glucose namely alpha glucose and beta glucose. Carbohydrate is the main substrate which produces energy for any mechanism such as metabolic reactions, active transport and the movement of vesicles. In living organism such as human, carbohydrate is stored as glycogen where mostly be found in muscle. However, glycogen cannot diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane so it must be broken down into smaller molecules known as glucose which can diffuse through the glucose co-transport channel protein spun across the phospholipid bilayer.
Sugar Is soluble in water. Glucose and fructose are the sugar, Starch Is Insoluble in water and mostly found In rice, wheat and potato. Excess carbohydrate In the body Is stored In the liver In the form of glycogen. Cellulose maintains healthy digestive system. Fats- The fats are the compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
With the use of this technique we placed chlorine, bromine, and iodine into solutions containing chloride, bromide, and iodide. In the reaction the free halogen (X2) oxidizes the other halide ion (Y-) and gets reduced by gaining electron(s). In table 3, chlorine was the strongest oxidizing agent and iodine was the weakest oxidizing agent. Since chlorine was the strongest oxidizing agent it will react more and the weak agent will react less. This explanation can be demonstrated in table 3 also because the results of the reactions demonstrates that chloride reacted more by the color of the product compared to the color of chloride in the mineral oil.
Carbohydrates are formed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen as the basics. In the body, carbohydrates are converted to glucose, used for energy throughout the body. Carbohydrates can be either simple or complex, and high-glycemic or low-glycemic. Examples of foods containing simple carbohydrates include fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. Breads and cereals contain complex carbohydrates, along with legumes.
Enzymes are needed to breakdown this sugar into energy. The enzyme fructokinase is the one that breaks this sugar down into fructose 1 phosphate. The next step is done by an enzyme called adolase B and this step produces DHAP and glyceraldehyde. Then these two products go through a process called glycolysis. Without these enzymes, our bodies cannot breakdown fructose into usable energy.
Liver breaks down carbohydrates into glucose which the body uses for sugar. Heart needs to beat, brain needs energy to maintain vital functions and we need to replace cells. Starch: the food standards agency recommends that a third of the food we eat should come from starchy foods like pasta, bread, rice, potatoes and chapattis. Starchy food sometime referred to as compound carbohydrates; liberate energy more little by little than sugars, so they will keep you contented longer. Starch is the most important carbohydrate in the human diet.
Glucose travels in the plasma or liquid part of your blood but cholesterol (triglycerides) travel bound to protein carriers in the blood. Based on their respective chemical properties, explain the reason for this difference. (2 marks) Cholesterol is an amphipathic molecule, since it has polar and non – polar regions. Even though the cholesterol has polar group (OH) it dissolves fats than in aqueous