Founding Mothers Essay

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FOUNDING MOTHERS Early colonial American women are often marginalized by historians or in many cases relegated to a caption lost in between the covers of our history textbooks. Throughout North America colonists shared a common view of a woman’s position in society. A female’s role was limited to wives, mothers and household managers isolated and dependent on their husbands. Historian Carol Berkin in, First Generations: Women in Colonial America, confirms that religious and civil authorities reinforced the gender ideals such as “helpmeet” and “notable housewife”. Women had no right to vote; they had no right to own property; could not engage in any legal transactions themselves; had no authority over their children; and had no right to initiate a divorce. Women once married became a feme covert who was stripped of all legal rights and were viewed as subordinate to men under English law. Berkin in, First Generations, provides evidence supporting this philosophy in her account of Daniel Ela who argued his wife “was his servant and his slave.” Nevertheless, women evolved beyond the traditional female helpmeet role and became an invisible force that actively shaped the economy of 18th century colonial America. Female colonists from across the social spectrum became knowledgeable entrepreneurs, producers, and consumers who were central elements in the development of early American commerce. Retail trade was the most common male dominated occupation that was open to females in seventeenth and eighteenth century America. Working women from all walks of life participated in economic activities and contributed to the local businesses as shopkeepers and traders. Some women operating their own shops advertised their goods with trade cards, newspaper ads, and word-of-mouth. Elizabeth Murray was a regular advertiser who placed notices for her shop in the pages of the
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