“The net export effect of expansionary monetary policy will be in the same direction as the monetary policy effect”.1 Recommended Course of Action Although both fiscal policy and monetary policy prove to have beneficial effects on an economy during a contractionary period, we believe that the government should use a combination of both policies…… - The money supply may be ineffective, but in the end people want to make sure that they will have money to save up in case of emergencies. There is no change in investment spending meaning little change in aggregate demand. - Further to this, the fiscal policy may be ineffective, as the extensive “time lags” may dig us deeper, creating a depression. - To what extent?? ?
As stated in extract 1, it tells us that the goods we import are not made in the UK and so makes it impossible to replace the imports, therefore meaning that we still have to import goods, despite the high prices due to the low exchange rate of sterling. This is partnered with the fact that some suppliers (shown in extract 1) have agreed long term supply contract with cheaper overseas suppliers before the depreciation of the sterling and so they are now paying high prices. This may mean that these suppliers may have to increase the prices of these goods, therefore leading to cost push inflation due to trying to maintain a decent profit margin in the hope the demand for the good does not drop dramatically. However, it is stated that there still may be a large price differential with countries such as China and India, even after sterling's depreciation. On the other hand however, as stated in extract 1, line 8, volume of good imported has also increased by 16% and inflation has continued well above target.
There are two basic reasons. First, the choice of units when absolute changes are used will have an arbitrary effect on the interpretation of responsiveness. For example, if price is calculated in dollars, then a one-unit drop in price (from $5 to $4) might be associated with a 10-unit increase in quantity. If, however, the price was calculated in cents, then a 100-unit drop in price would be associated with a 10-unit increase in quantity. In the first case, it would appear the demand is inelastic and in the second case it would appear to be elastic.
As inflation levels increase, it causes the spot rate of the currency in which the level of inflation is increasing to decrease. Therefore, as mentioned in the case, the level of inflation of Thailand could increase, due to strong consumer spending, the value of the baht would depreciate against the dollar. This occurs when Relative PPP is used. Absolute PPP, considers the absence of international barriers and how consumers ‘demand shifts towards the country with the cheapest prices. Relative PPP would affect Blades more than Absolute because they cannot adjust their prices if inflation increases because they are set in a fixed agreement.
Another argument in favour of hedging is that the company is able to focus on their core business instead of focusing on the market movements of the underlying asset. In our case the interest rate plunged and the future was not favourable. On the contrary, if the interest rate had increased, the upside risk would have been limited. 2. Uncertainty and protection The first mortgage loans generate interest earnings which are not much affected by interest rate fluctuations.
There are governments that totally control their economy and do not do business with other countries. There are governments that rule monetary policy and tax business, but do not become concerned in the markets otherwise. Similar to mixed economies, the positions of a government in the configuration of an economy is crucial to understand in order to understand the economics of the country. Concepts of Macroeconomics and Understanding Business or economic cycles focus on the variations, both anticipated and unexpected, within an economy. Variations in business cycles are able to be seen as short-term and long-term progression developments and they could shift.
To increase their taxes would be appropriate and this would be stream lining taxes at a time when the economy needs a boost. The Keynesian economists would look at government spending as a means for the government to stop the little growth the economy has had and is to have. The government spending would make it so the people would not have the money to spend within the states and they would have to go without needs and desires. This in turn would be the money that could be used within the economy.
Consumer price and producer price in 2009 to 2012 continue to drop and raise the price for consumers was not steady. The direction and magnitude of price change in the Producer Price Index for finished goods anticipates a similar change in the Consumer Price Index for all items. When this assumed relationship is contradicted by the actual movements of the two series. The answer is that conceptual and definitional differences between the PPI and CPI—differences which are consistent with the uses of the two measures—contribute to the differences in their price movements. A primary use of the PPI is to deflate revenue streams in order to measure real growth in output.
Monetary policies influence and are influenced by international developments, including exchange rates, and based on these market conditions the U.S. government can make strategic changes to these policies to maintain the country’s economic stability (full employment, stable growth and price stability). For example if Federal Reserve actions raised U.S. interest rates, the foreign exchange value of the dollar generally would rise. An increase in the foreign exchange value of the dollar, in turn, would raise the price in foreign currency of U.S. goods traded on world markets and lower the dollar price of goods imported into the United States (Federal Reserve, 2005). By restraining exports and boosting imports, these developments could lower output and price levels in the U.S. economy and control or lower
Therefore, the equilibrium rate of growth is given by matching proportionate change in output with the ratio of savings-output to that of capital-output. This sustains the economy along some warranted steady growth path. According to the model, temporary deviations from the warranted growth path would not be self-correcting. Because of the lack of self-correcting forces within the dynamics of the model, it is said to be characterized by ‘knife-edge instability’. That is, market-regulated growth espoused by the model is unstable and, thus, necessitates government intervention.