Factors Affecting Insolation

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To what extent is latitude the major factor in influencing global patterns of solar radiation. While the Sun emits a nearly constant amount of solar incoming radiation (insolation) on Earth, there are spatial and temporal variation in the amount received. The tropics on average, receives the greatest amount of insolation while the poles receives the least. Such variations are a result of the difference in the amount of insolation available and the reduction in that amount due to absorption and backscattering by the atmosphere. These two key factors are in turn affected by factors such as latitude, cloud cover, albedo and aspect. However, latitude is the major factor in influencing global patterns of solar radiation due to the fact that it acts on a global scale and determines the initial insolation that can reachthe surface of earth. Other factors such as cloud cover, albedo and aspect act on a regional or local scale and serve as a modification to the final amount of insolation reaching earth’s surface. Latitude is the major factor in influencing the amount of insolation available to reach earth surface an dthereby influences global patterns of solar radiation to a great extent. Latitude affects the angle of incidence. Insolation depends on the angle of the sun above the horizon. Earth’s curved surface presents continually varying angle to incoming parallel rays of insolation as shown in figure 1 below. Near the equatorial regions, sun rays are received at a 90degrees angle which concentrates it to a small area and increases its ability to heat the surface. At the poles, the rays hit the surface more obliquely resulting in a diminished angle of incidence. The energy is distributed over a greater area leading to less intense energy per unit area. Latitude also indirectly affects the thickness of atmosphere that insolation form the sun has to pass through by

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