Neural Regulation of Mechanical Digestion 4. Identify three neural systems that control the mechanical movements in the GI tract. a. CNS b. ANS-Long Reflexes c. ENS-Local Reflexes 5. Describe the role of the CNS with regard to swallowing. What is the stimulus?
This will cause an action potential to spread down to the T- tubules and “electrical chemical signals = shocks” the sarcoplasmic reticulum into releasing calcium ions. Then the calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the sarcoplasm. 5. Calcium is restored/ reused in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Just as concentration results from the release of calcium ions stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, contraction ends and relaxation begins as Calcium is
As the calcium gets pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions come off the troponin. The troponin returns to its normal shape and allows tropomyosin to cover the actin-myosin binding sites on the actin filament. Because no binding sites are available now, no crossbridges can form, and the muscle relaxes neurotransmitter, ACh is broken down in the neuromuscular junction and there is no longer action potentials that travel down the T-tubules and the calcium returns to the terminal cisternaes. Rigor Mortis relates to muscle contraction and relaxation because it is know as the stiffness of death. There is a biochemical change in the muscles that occurs several hours after death.
BGYC34; First Assignment (2012) PhysioEx Lab 6 (Cardiovascular Physiology) Due Date: Friday, January 27, 2012 Perform the experiments in PhysioEx lab 6 (Cardiovascular Physiology). Provide the results requested, and answer the questions, for each of the following activities. There are a total of 25 marks. Note: The activity names and numbers listed below correspond to those in PhysioEx version 9.0. If you are using an older version of PhysioEx the exact activity names and numbers may not match.
Atropine acts as an antagonist within the central nervous system, which means it acts as a blocker of specific cellular functions. What part of the autonomic nervous system does atropine block to produce its effect on Dr. Westwood? Atropine was administered in response to the bradycardia; after it was administered it brought up his blood pressure as well has his heart rate. Within the parasympathetic nervous system, Atropine blocks the muscarinic receptor which then blocks acetylcholine (Ach). Because of the blockage of Ach the muscarinic receptor antagonist can block the vagal nerve from affecting the heart, and can then increase the heart
3. Controlled Variables are the temperature and stimulation voltage. 4. What structure was stimulated to cause a muscle contraction? The motor unit was stimulated 5.
In Experiment 2, explain why the membrane potential between the axon hillock and axon either changed or did not change with threshold stimulus. Differences of 1.0 mV or less are not significant Thresold there are no changes between the axon hillock and axon as have reached the max level of action potential. 4. In Experiment 2, explain why the number of action potentials generated varied with increased stimulation frequency. With increased stimulation frequency varied as there were not any longer a refractory period available with the supra-threshold stimuli.
1. a) What are the parts of a neuron? - The parts of a neuron are dendrites, axons, the cell body, the terminal branches and myelin sheath. b) How are neural impulses generated? - Neural impulses are generated when a brief electrical charge travels down the spine. c) How does one nerve cell communicate with another?
P4- Explain the Physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body. In this essay I am going to be explaining how energy is made in the body and two body systems that help to produce this energy. “The metabolic systems are responsible for the chemical reactions within the body. These reactions are involved in the maintenance of the living organism and may be involved in reactions that break compounds down catabolic reactions or reactions which build compounds up anabolic reactions”. (King R 2012) They all require energy to work.
Outline the body’s response to stress (6 marks) There are two types of stress: acute and chronic stress. Acute stress (short-term stress) causes the body to respond through a process called the sympthomedullary pathways. This immediate response is achieved because of the hypothalamus’s direct link to the nervous system which causes the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). This is a branch from the autonomic nervous system. The SNS also regulates the sympathetic adrenal medullary system (SAM).