What functions will be compromised if the ulcer eats through the submucosa and then the muscularis? Absorption would not happen correctly some of the ingested and secreted may seep out of the lumen. This also could create a pathway of entry for pathogens if the ulcer ate through to the muscularis mucosa and also lose some control of defecation. (Jenkins & Tortora pg. 825,826) B.
in nature, the bacteria can transfer these plasmids from bacteria to bacteria, transfering those beneficial genes. this mechanism allows bacteria to adapt to new and foreign environments. the continuous resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is due to the transmission of these plasmids. Bio-Rads unique pGLO plasmid encodes the gene for GFP and a gene for resistance the antibiotic ampicillin. pGLO can also control the gene expression of this fluorecent protein.
They also feed on many Bacteria in decaying matter organisms to survive. Parasites are organisms that attach themselves to a host to infect, reproduce or spread diseases that it would be carrying. (2) Common illnesses and infections caused by Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi and parasites would be as follows. Bacteria which is present in food for example can cause Food Poisoning, Salmonella, Botulism, and other internal infections of the Stomach. Typical Viruses are illnesses like smallpox, measles, mumps and tuberculosis etc which can be contracted by touch or being within an environment that has the virus in the air.
Viruses: A virus needs a host cell to replicate. Viruses are immune to antibiotics and are spread in the air or by direct contact, which mean they probably are more commonly caught from each other. They can lead to serious or sometimes deadly diseases such as aids. Virus can also cause chickenpox, common cold and influenza. Parasites: A parasite is an organism that lives in another organism.
a. Absorption would not happen correctly some of the ingested and secreted may seep out of the lumen. This also could create a pathway of entry for pathogens if the ulcer ate through to the muscularis mucosa. You may lose some control of defecation. B. If Zach has a peptic ulcer affecting his stomach or duodenum, which components of the peritoneum will be affected?
Parasites can be acquired through contact with a contaminated surface, via infected water or food and through contact with contaminated bodily fluids such as blood, faecal matter and sexual contact. Parasites may be protozoa (single cell organisms),
Through the use of white blood cells, these two forms of immunity are able to attack harmful pathogens triggering inflammation and/or fever. When a pathogen attempts to gain access to our bodies, they must penetrate the first line of defense consisting of external barriers including the skin and mucus membranes. Should the threat be successful at passing the first line of defense, non-specific immunity becomes active and launches several mechanisms geared at repelling it. Nonspecific immunity, also known as innate immunity, are responses aimed at a broad range of attackers rather than one specific pathogen. The term “innate” is used as these mechanisms are present at birth which allows the body to defend against pathogens it has yet to experience.
Many bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics although some strains are now becoming resistant. We are also able to immunise against a wide range of bacterial diseases. A virus is a smaller micro-organism that needs a hosts living cell to reproduce. It is very difficult to kill a virus and antibiotics do not work of viral infections. Some of the world’s most serious and deadly diseases are viral.
– A transplanted organ contains substances which the immune system recognises as being foreign. These substance acts as ANTIGENS. – This stimulates the body to make antibodies and other substances which attack and can possibly destroy the organ • Identify defence adaptations, including: □ Inflammation response: □ Phagocytosis: □ Lymph system: □ Cell death to seal off pathogen: – SECOND LINE OF
An example of this approach is found in strains of Escherichia coli (enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157). In earlier studies, scientist had assumed that E. coli latched itself onto the host under attack. Nevertheless, scientists soon discovered that E. coli O157 produces their own receptors. These receptors are like weapons that use the aid of a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) that injects molecules and other effector proteins that working on behalf of