Robert Kegan was born on 1946; the Harvard psychologist first described his theory on social maturity in his 1982 book, The Evolving Self. This book contains the theory of how people become more socially mature as they get older. Kegan’s theory of adult cognitive development contains some of the same principles as Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. When studying Kegan’s theory it is important to understand Piaget because as Mark Dombeck writes “the core ideas from Kegan's work are essentially Piaget's ideas which have been reworked, broadened and abstracted, and applied to the social realm” (Dombeck, 2007). As we move through developmental stages we become more subjective and less objective.
The superego is our morality principle which we develop from three to six years old, it helps us to define the difference between right and wrong and Freud suggested that it is often in conflict with the id. Finally, the ego is the reality principle which balances out the demands from the superego and the id. The fact that all the principles develop at different stages of childhood suggests that Freud believed that our self and identity develops early in life and once it is developed there is no going back and changing it. Freud is often criticised for his lack of evidence to support his theories, though because they are based on the unconscious they are practically impossible to investigate. He is also criticised for his major emphasis on the individual and neglecting the influences of people around them.
IB Psychology 1 H435-2 Erikson’s psychological theory of psychosocial development in adolescents has been supported and disputed, showing many strengths and weaknesses, by a multitude of case studies most specifically Rutter et al and Espin et al. Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan and shows how he believes that personality develops in a series of eight different stages. Each stage in Erikson’s theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life and experiencing a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. He believes that if the “stage” is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery but if the stage is handled poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy. In Erikson’s view he sees these conflicts centered around developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality.
Stages of Ego Development Jane Loevinger created 8 stages of ego development. Her theory of ego development is a neat compliment to Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development. She proposed a theory that has implications for understanding the entire lifespan. Loevinger’s theory focused mainly on the structure as opposed to the content of human life. To sum it up, Loevinger’s theory tells us how we organize contents in our mind.
Carl Jung therapy for personality that gives an important role to the unconscious which he goes beyond of scientific fact his theory is based upon the mystic world. This is the opposite cognitive behavior theory is based upon the theory of organizing oneself. CBT development started to developed with the behavioral the individual during the year’s 1920 Cognitive Behavior therapy (CBT) have multiple selection the most common one are cognitive therapy, Rational Behavior, multimodal behavior and Behavior therapy. Jung considers that the most motivating personality developments occurred during adulthood. Meichenbaum’s (1977) had state within the learning theory outline clients cognition are clear and understandable behaviors that can be modified in their own rights.
Erikson’s Theory of Development When psychologists discuss identity, they are alluding to the beliefs, ideals and values that help shape and aide an individual’s behavior (Cherry, 2014a). Development of identity is something that starts in childhood and becomes imperative during adolescence and, as per Eric Erikson, this proceeds throughout life (Cherry, 2014a). Continuing development as we age, our individual character gives everyone a facilitated feeling of self. Eric Erikson was an ego psychologist who developed one of the most popular and influential theories of development (McLeod, 2008). Centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual development, Erikson’s theory is influenced by Freud (Cherry, 2014a).
Chris Tutu Professor Czerny English 102 4/14/13 What makes a psychopath a psychopath? There are many contributing factors that can lead to Criminal Activity and behavior. These factors can be present all through the "psychopath s" life, yet may not be noticed. Many of them have to do with home life, and many of them are also most influential during childhood, and will slowly grow, as the child gets older. I will be discussing these factors in two main groups: early childhood and adolescence, these most influential time periods in the human life span.
One can see the possibility that the home life can have a direct effect on the well-being of the child. Battles have waged for years between philosophers and psychologists about whether Nature or Nurture most fully shapes the emotional structure of the child. One thing is for certain, people are products of their upbringing. A young person under certain circumstances, when influenced by an inconsistently disciplined childhood can become included among the most dangerous criminals in our society. The desire to inflict as much pain
Adolescents who have successfully dealt with earlier conflicts are ready for the "Identity Crisis", which is considered by Erikson as the single most significant conflict a person must face. Positive outcome: If the adolescent solves this conflict successfully, he will come out of this stage with a strong identity, and ready to plan for the future. Negative outcome: If not, the adolescent will sink into confusion, unable to make decisions and choices, especially about vocation, sexual orientation, and his role in life in general. Stage 6: Young Adulthood -- Age 19 to 40 Crisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation Description: In this stage, the most important events are love relationships.
Avoidant children often have rejecting parents, which leads to them developing an internal model which makes them think they are unacceptable and unworthy. The continuity hypothesis provides an explanation for why these early experience which lead to certain attachment types go on to affect relationships in adult life, as attachment type remains fairly stable over a lifetime. The internal working model developed in childhood influences a person’s expectations and attitudes towards relationships. The theory predicts that securely attached people are more likely to have stable relationships, compared to resistant types who are likely to be clingy and avoidant types who aren’t comfortable in relationships. Hazan & Shaver conducted an experiment which lends support to Bowlby’s concept of the IWM.